Citi Verbal汇总.docx
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Citi Verbal汇总.docx
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CitiVerbal汇总
1.Allscientificknowledgeisprovisional暂定的.Everythingthatscienceknows,eventhemostmundane平凡的factsandlong-establishedtheories,issubjecttore-examinationasnewinformationcomesinthelatestdataandideasarescrutinized详细检查themost.Somerecantations改变论调willbeunavoidable,butthisisnotaweaknessofscience,butratheritsstrength.Noendeavor努力rivals媲美scienceinitsincremental增长的progresstowardsamorecompleteunderstandingoftheobservableuniverse.
a)Scienceimprovesunderstandingonthebasisofleavingunchallengedthosetheoriesthatappeartowork.F
b)Somefactsinsciencecannotbechallengedifanyprogressistobemade.C
c)Thatwhichisnotobservablecannotbepartofthedomain领域ofscience.C
2.AtthemomentofGTC,likeotherEuropeanproducers,isabletorelieveatleastsomeofitsover-capacitybyexporting,partlytoCentralAmerica.Adecadefromnow,thatregionwillbelargelyself-sufficient自给自足的andtradewillbestartingtoflowtheotherway.However,forGTCinvestors,thecompany’srecentrestructure调整couldherald预兆bettertimes.Thegroup’slackoffocusandlack-luster荣耀returnshavebeenmuchcriticizedoflate.
a)CentralAmericawill,inthefuture,begintoexportlesstoEurope.F
b)CentralAmericanproducerswillfindareadymarketfortheirproductsinEurope.C
c)Restructuringgenerallyproducesanincreaseinprofitability.C
3.Anewcomputerprogramcantellwhetherabookwaswrittenbyamanorawoman.Thesimplescanofkeywordsandsyntax语法isabout80%accurateonbothfictionandnon-fiction.Theprogram’ssuccessseemstoconfirmthestereotypical老套的perceptionofdifferencesinmaleandfemalelanguageuse.Crudely未加修饰地put,mentalkmoreaboutobjectsandwomenmoreaboutrelationships.
Femalewritersusemorepronouns(I,you,she,myself),whilstmalespreferwordsthatidentifyordeterminenouns(a,the,that)andwordsthatquantifythem(one,two,more).Thesedifferingstyleshavepreviouslybeencalled“involved”and“informational”,respectively.
Thealgorithm运算法则withintheprogramwasinitiallytrainedonafewtestcasestoidentifythemostprevalent普遍的fingerprintsofgenderandoffictionandnon-fiction.Thealgorithmcannowbefocusedonnewbodiesoftext.Strikingly显著地,thedistinctionsbetweenmaleandfemalewritersaremuchthesameasthosethat,evenmoreclearly,differentiatenonfiction-andfiction.Theprogramcantellthesetwogenres类型apartwith98%accuracy.
a)Stereotypes老套aregenerallybasedonfact.C
b)Womenaremorelikelythanmentoadoptan“informational”styleofwrittencommunication.F
c)Theprogramismoreaccurateatidentifyingthegenderofthewriterthanthefictionornon-fictioncontentofthepassage.F
4.Amateur业余爱好者scientistshavelongbeenattractedtothediscipline学科ofastronomy天文学,andprofessionalastronomersarefrequentlysupportiveoftheircontributiontothescience.Indeed,amateurastronomershaveoftenbeenthefirsttospotanuncharted未知的comet彗星orstar.Untilnow,therequiredscientificequipmenthas,unfortunately,beenlargelyveryexpensive,varyingaccordingtotheintricacy复杂andsizeoftheapparatus器械.Accordingtosomescientists,however,thespreadofnew,cheaptechnology,particularlyininformationanddatamanagement,promisestodramaticallychangeandfacilitateamateur-professionalinteraction,andcollaboration.
Amateur-professionalcollaborationwillcontributetotheadvancementofastronomy.T
Inthepast,allscientificequipmentrequiredforresearchinastronomywasveryexpensive.C
Followingthespreadofnew,andcheapertechnology,moreamateurscientistsarecollaboratingwithprofessionals.C
5.Asuperficialconsiderationofbiotechnologywillcommonlypresentanimpressionofethicalneutrality.Onthecontrary,however,itiscloselyrelatedtothefrequentlyconflictingvaluesandaspirationsofsociety.Geneticallymodifiedfoodisaparticularlygoodexample,presentingthepotentialtobearmoreresilientandnutritiouscrops,andthuscontributetothefightagainstworldhunger,whilesimultaneouslyraisingconcernsregardingitslong-termeffectsandenvironmentalethics.ItisthisethicalandscientificcontroversythatultimatelyleadtotherejectionofgeneticallymodifiedfoodinEurope.
a)Thedebatesurroundingtheethicsofgeneticallymodifiedfoodcontributedtoitsrejectioninsomecountries.T
b)Theriskofgeneticallymodifiedfoodoutweighsthepotentialbenefits.C
c)TheEuropeanpopulationismoreconcernedwiththeenvironmentalethicsofgeneticallymodifiedfoodthanothersocieties.C
6.Communicationtechnologiesarefarfromequivalent相等的.Arecentstudycomparinghonestyacrossarangeofdifferentmediarevealedthatpeopleweretwiceaslikelytotelllieswhenusingthephoneaswhencommunicatingviae-mail.Ithadpreviouslybeenassumedthatpeoplewouldbemoreinclined倾斜的tofabricate伪造thetruthwhenusinge-mail,duetotheremotenessoftheinteractionmakingpeoplemorecomfortableaboutdeceiving欺骗地others.Onthecontrary,itseemsthatanxietyovertheaccountability可说明性affordedbytherecordingofe-mailexchangesinduces诱导者greatertruthfulness.However,theresearchalsonotedthatpeoplearemuchmorelikelytoberudeorinsultingovere-mail,outweighinganybenefitsofincreasedhonesty.
a)Animplicationofthestudyisthatiftelephoneconversationsarerecordedandpeopleareawareofthisfact,theyarelikelytobemoretruthfuloverthephone.T
b)Peopleareunconcernedabouttherepercussion反响ofe-mailuntruths.F
c)Ithadbeenassumedthatpeoplewouldcommunicatemorehonestlywhenusinge-mailthanwhenusingthetelephone.F
7.Formanyyears,manufacturingpracticesremaineddevoid缺乏ofinnovation.Thatis,untilthemidl-1990s,whentrendsinmodernmanufacturingcreatedavirtualrevolution.Thiswasdrivenbyeconomicsurvival,globalcompetitionandrapidlychangingcustomermarkets.Theseexternalforcesledtotheintroductionofproductionmethodssuchasjust-in-timeinventorycontrol,advancedmanufacturingtechnology,andintegratedmanufacturingsystems.Thesepracticesmeantthatmanufacturescouldremainresponsivetomarketconditionsandproduceitemswhichmetcustomers’needs.However,thesenewinnovationshavenotnecessarilymeantthatthequalityanddurabilityofproductshaveimproved.
a)Introducingjust-in-timeinventorycontrolisthebestwaytoremainresponsivetomarketdemands.C
b)Manufacturerswhodonottakeupmodernmanufacturingmethodswillnotautomaticallyproduceinferioritems.C
c)Allmanufacturershaveintroducednewproductionpracticestosurvive.C
8.Formostpeople,anyreferencetohypnosis催眠bringstomindimagesofindividualsinvolvedinamusing,andoftenoutofcharacter与自身特性不相符,behavior.However,hypnosisisalsoatopicofscientificresearch.Researchbyscientistsoverthelastfewdecadeshasrevealedwaysinwhichmemoryprocesses,andprocessesinvolvedinpainperception痛知觉canbechangedusinghypnosis.Ithasalsobeenfoundthathypnotic催眠的suggestionscanregulateactivityinidentifiable可识别的sectionsofthebrainandcancontributetotheeffectivemanagementofcognitive认知的conflict.Findingsfromseveralrelatedbrainimagingstudies,forexample,havesuggestedthatpeopleunderhypnosiscab驾驶室exhibitreducedlevelofbrainactivityinbothvisualareaandtheanteriorcingulatecortex.Disparate不同的researchhasalreadyestablishedtheroleofthesebrainstructuresinthemonitoringthecognitiveconflict.
a)Underhypnosismostindividualsparticipateinentertainingactivities.C
9.Financialfraudisacrimeofgrowingsignificantly.In2003,8%ofreportedbusiness-relatedcrimeswasfraud,averaging$35000inlosses.By2005,whilstfinancialfraudwasfoundtobethesixth-mostfrequentcrime,itwasthethird-highestconcernamongstbusinessleaders.Researchersfoundthat,globally,internet-basedfraudwasrisingdramaticallyin2005.Themainreasonsforfraudincludedpoorsupervisionandlackofproperdivisionofduties,inadequatecontrolofaccesstosystem,andpoorauthorizationcontrols.Internaldetectivemeasuresuncovered无防备lessthanhalfofthecases,withanincreasingnumberofcasesbeingdiscoveredbyaccident.Onethirdofthecaseswerecommittedbymanagerial-staff,whilehalfwerecommittedbynon-managerialstaff.
a)Detectivemethodswereoperatingveryeffectivelyin2005.F
b)Overhalfofallcasesoffraudin2005werediscoveredbyaccident.C
c)BusinessleadersaremoreconcernedaboutfinancialfraudthanbeforebecauseofthegrowthoftheInternet.C
10.Fullemploymentisaconcept,whichisoftenreferredtobutseldom很少defined.Beveridge’sdescriptioncomesclosetowhatmosteconomistsunderstandbytheterm.Inhisviewfullemploymentmeansthat“unemploymentisreducedtoshortintervals间隔ofstandingby,withthecertaintythatverysoononewillbewantedinone’soldjobagainorwillbewantedinanewjobthatiswithinone’spowers.”Inotherwords,fillemploymentdoesnotmeanzerounemployment,butallowsforsomemeasureofacceptableunemployment,forexample,“frictional摩擦力的”unemploymentwhilstchangingjobs.
a)Definitionsoffullemploymentareabundant大量的.F
b)SomeeconomistsdonotunderstandfullemploymentinBeveridge’sterms.C
c)InB’sview,fullemploymentincorporatesthoseunemployedpeoplewhoarecertaintoregainworkveryshortly.T
11.Genuinealtruism,whendefinedas‘selflesshelping’,hasbeenshowninrecentyearstobeamostelusive,indeedparadoxical,concept.Infact,somepeoplenowviewitassomekindofidealthatneverreallyexisted.Howcouldanybodybeentirelyselflessandhelpwithoutanyexpectationofarewardofsometype?
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