英文讲解词完稿.docx
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英文讲解词完稿.docx
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英文讲解词完稿
IntroductionofShaanxiHistoryMuseum
Hello,ladiesandgentlemen,welcometoShaanxiHistoryMuseum.First,Iwanttogiveyouabriefintroductionofthismuseum.ShaanxiHistoryMuseumisasizablenationalmuseumwithawiderangeofartifacts,about375,000historicalandculturalrelics,whichwereallexcavatedinShaanxiProvince.Itcoversanareaof70,000squaremeters,withafloorspaceofover50,000squaremeters.ShaanxiProvincehadbeenthecradleoftheancientChinesecivilization.AndpeopleoftensaythattheancienthistoryofShaanxiisamicrocosmofChinesehistory.
Themuseumshowsagreatdealofeleganceandoriginalityinstyle.ItwasdesignedbyZhangJinqiu,averyfamousfemalearchitectinChina,andassumesthearchitecturalfeaturesofancientChinesepalacesandcourtyardsofTangDynasty.
PREFACEHALL
Nowweareinthehall.ThegiantstonewalkinglionwasoriginallyerectedinfrontofShunlingMausoleum,thetombofEmpressWuZetian’smotheroftheTangDynasty.Withitsexquisitecraftsmanshipandimposingappearance,thelionisbelievedtorankthefirstinAsia.SincelionandtheircarvingskillswereintroducedtoChinafromAfghanistanthroughtheSilkRoadinancienttimes,sothislionalsorepresentstheculturalexchangebetweenChinaandothercountries.
THEMAPOFSHAANXIPROVINCE
LyinginthemiddlereachesoftheYellowRiver,andintheeasternpartofthenorthwestregionofChina,ShaanxiProvinceservesasthegatewaytothenorthwestofthecountry,andoffersalinkofcommunicationbetweentheSouthwest,NorthwestandEastChina.ShaanxiProvincecoverstheareaofabout205,800squarekilometer,andhasthetotalpopulationof37million.
Topographically,ShaanxiProvincecanbedividedintothreenaturalregions.ThetoppartistheLoessPlateauinthenorthernpartofShaanxiProvince.ThemiddlepartisGuanzhongPlain,andhereisXi’ancitywhere13dynastiessettheircapitalsduring1,100yearsinChinesehistory.ThesouthernpartoftheShaanxiProvinceismainlyaboutsomemountainousregions.ThisisQinglingmountainousregion,whichisnotonlythenaturalboundaryinseparatingthenorthernandthesouthernpartofChinabutalsothewatershedofthetwogreatestwatersystemsinChina—theYellowRiversystemandtheYangtzeRiversystem.
THEPREHISTORICAGE
(1,150,000yearsago—21stcenturyB.C)
ThefirstsectionfocusesonthehistoryofShaanxiProvinceduringthePrehistoricAge,whichrangesfrom1,150,000yearsagotothe21stcenturyB.C.ShaanxiisanimportantsourceofinformationontheoriginofthehumanraceinAsia.
In1964,thefossilofahumanskullandjawbonewerediscoveredinLiantianCounty.Thearchaeologistsputthesetogetherandshapedthisfemalefigurearoundher30’s.TheLiantianApe-manhadamuchsmallerbraincapabilitycomparingwithpeoplelivingtoday,only780millilitersabouthalfthesizeofpeopletoday.Andthethicknessoftheirskullistwiceasmuchaspeopletoday.AllofthesetellusthattheintellectofLiantianApe-manisnotwelldeveloped.However,theresultsofthelatestresearchgrogramprovethatLiantianApe-manlivedabout1,150,000yearsagoandwastheearliestknownHomoerectusinNorthAsia.ThisbackgroundpictureshowsGongwangling,wherethefossilofLiantianApe-manwasdiscovered.Inthedisplaycasearethepointedstoneimplementsexcavatedfromthesite,whichweremadeandusedbyLiantianApe-man.Thesestoneimplements,thoughtslightlychippedandirregularlyshaped,wereusedformultiplepurposes.AndallofthesestonetoolsbelongedtothePaleolithicAge.
AfterthediscoveryofthefossilofLiantianApe-man,thefossilofarathercompletehominidskullwasfoundinDaliCounty,ShaanxiProvincein1978.ThebraincapabilityoftheDaliMenwaslarger,reachedto1120milliliters,only300lessthanpeopletoday.DaliMenlivedabout200,000yearsago,andbelongedtoanewstageofhumanevolution,knownasHomoSapiens.ThestoneimplementseverusedbytheDaliMenarerelativelysmallinsize.
TheearliestNeolithicculturalheritageinShaanxiisknownasLaoguantaiCulture,whichoriginatedabout8,000yearsago.TheNeolithicCultureisdifferentfromthePaleolithicCultureinthreemajorrespects:
theuseofpolishedstoneimplements,theinventionofpotteryutensils,andtheemergenceofsettledhabitationandprimitivefarming.Theappearanceoftheseearlypotteryutensilsprovidedthehumanbeingwiththecookingvessels,andhelpedalottoimprovethelivingconditionatthattime.Thepolishedstonespadesandknivesondisplayindicatethatatthattimepeoplemadealivingnotsolelybygatheringandhunting,butbymeansofslash-and-burn.
YangshaoCulturedatesabout7,000-5,000yearsback.InShaanxiProvince,therepresentativesofYangshaoCulturearetheBanpositeandtheJiangzhaisite.Nowlet’sseeatypicalartifactofYangshaoCulture,thetip-bottomedbottles.Theancientpeopleuseditaswatervessel.Firsttheyusedstringstotieontheearsandthenputthevesseldirectlyonthesurfaceoftheriver.Assoonasthebottletouchedthewater,itwouldnaturallyfalldownandletthewaterflowin.Thenitwouldstanduprightafterbeingfilledwithwater,duetotheshiftingofitscenterofgravity.Becausepeopleatthattimelivedalongtheriverside,sotheymadethebottleintosuchshape—theycouldholditandpushitintothesand,madeitmorestable.HerearesomestoneimplementsofYangshaoCulture.ComparingwiththoseofLaoguantaiCulture,thesestonetoolsseemrelativelysmallinsize.Atthattime,therewasanadvancethatwaspeoplebegantousethestonetoolsattachedtothewoodstick,whichcouldbeeasierandsaferforpeopletouseit.Thesearesomeboneneedlesfortheancientpeopletosewtheirclothes,andtherearesomepatternsoftheirsewing.Accordingtothearchaeologicalstudy,itisbelievedthatthematerialsforsewingthenwerepossiblylinenandhides.Andthisnecklacemadeofthousandofsmallanimal’sbonewasfoundinagirl’stomb.BecauseYangshaoCulturewasatypicalmatriarchalclancommunityinwhichwomenplayedadominantroleineveryaspectofsociallife,sothearchaeologistfoundalotofburialobjectsinevenyounggirl’stomb,butnotinmale’stomb.YangshaoCultureisalsoknownasthecultureofpaintedpottery.Thepatternsofthepaintedpotteryaremainlyaboutsomeanimalpatternsandsomegeometricpatterns,likethewaveoftheriver.Nowwewillseeafirst-classartifactinourmuseum—thispotterybasin.Insideofthisbasinthereisapeople’sfaceandwithtwofishinhismouth.ThisdesigndepictedBaopopeople’sstrongtiesandspecialemotionwithfish.ItwasmostlikelythetotemoftheBanpopeople.Andifweseecloserwecanfindtherearetwolittleholesatthebottomofthisbasin.Sincetheinfantdeathratewasveryhighinthosedaysbecauseoftoughnaturalconditions.Whenchildrendied,theirparentswouldburythecorpseinpotteryjars,andputsuchbasinoverthejar.Thetwoholeswereservedaspassageforthesoulofthechildtocomeorgofreely.Fromthiswecanseethat6,000yearsagotheprimitivepeoplealreadygeneratedtheconceptionthateverybodyhadasoul.Withtheprogressofthematerialcivilization,theybegantostriveforaspiritualcivilization.ThepotterywindinstrumentunearthedfromthesiteofBanpoVillageistheearliestmusicalinstrumentinChina.Theupperholewasforpeopletoblow,andtheothertwoholeswereusedforchangingthetunes.WritingdidnotcomeintobeinginBanpodays,butthearcheologistshavefoundalotofsymbolsontheedgeofsomepotteryutensils.ComparingthesesymbolswiththeinscriptionsonoraclebonesortortoiseshellsoftheShangDynasty,wemayseeafewofthembearsomeresemblancetoeachother.Thoughthearcheologistshavenotfigureouttheactualmeaningofthesesymbols,itisbelievedthesesymbolswerepossiblytheearliestChinesescript.
ChinawentintotheLongshanCultureperiodabout5,000yearsago.ThevillageruinstypicalofLongshanCulturearescatteredextensivelyinShaanxiProvinceandchieflycenteredintheareaoftheWeiRiver.StartingfromtheperiodoftheLongshanCulture,mankindmovedintotheageofpatriarchalclancommunity.Withsocialandeconomicdevelopment,menbegantoplayadominantroleinsocialactivitiesinsteadofwomen.Withtheinventionofanewmethodofpotterymaking,theearthenwareevermadewasuniforminthicknessandvariedinstyle.Inaddition,paintedpotterywaresgavewaytotheirgreypotterycounterparts.Alotofwinevesselsappearedatthattimebecauseoftheagriculturedevelopment.Thisisatypicalwinevesselwhichhasthreelegsandhollowedinside,sopeoplecouldpourmorewineintoitandpeoplealsocouldmakeafireunderittowarmupthewine.Thesearesomejadeutensilsmainlyusedinsomesacrificialceremoniesbecausejadewasveryrareatthattime.
ThispictureshowstheYellowEmperor’sMausoleum,whichislocatedinHuanglingCountyinNorthernShaanxi.TheYellowEmperorwasbornabout4,700yearsago.HewasalegendaryleaderofHuaxiatribesmeninthepatriarchalclancommunityduringtheLongshanCultureperiod.Shaanxiwasthenthecentralareaoftheiractivities.Underhisleadership,theHuaxiatribesmenunifiedtheYellowRiverValleyafterfighting52battles.Therefore,theYellowEmperorwasworshippedastheforefatheroftheChinesenation.EveryyearonthePureBrightnessFestival,thepeopleofChineseorigincomefromdifferentpartsoftheworldtosearchfortheirrootsandoffersacrificestotheYellowEmperor.
ZhouDynasty
(21stcenturyB.C—770A.D)
TheZhouPeriodincludesthreedifferentstages
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