现代大学英语听力2Unit 10.docx
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现代大学英语听力2Unit 10.docx
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现代大学英语听力2Unit10
Task1
PeoplewhovisittheUnitedStatessometimeswonderhowthestatesgottheirnames.SomeofthemostinterestingnamescamefromAmericanIndianlanguages.Forexample,IllinoiswasnamedfortheIndianswhousedtoliveinthatpartofthecountry.Intheirlanguage,Illinoismeans"BraveMen".Connecticutmeans"AttheLongRiverMouth"inthelanguageoftheIndianswhousedtolivethere.
Twenty-fiveofthestateshaveIndiannames,butothernamesweretakenfromdifferentlanguages.GeorgiaandPennsylvaniahavenameswhichweretakenfromtheLatinlanguage.FloridaandColoradowerenamedbySpanishpeople.StateslikeNewHampshireandNewJerseywerenamedforplacesinEngland.
Thetwoneweststateshavenameswhichdidnotcomefromanyofthoselanguages.HawaiigotitsnamefromawordintheHawaiianlanguagewhichmeans"Homeland".AlaskawasnamedbytheRussians,fromwhomAlaskawasboughtin1867.
Task2
ThecircleofstonesthatcanbeseenatStonehengeontheSalisburyPlaininEnglandisoneoftheoldestandmostmysteriousmonumentsintheworld.Themonumentwasprobablyputupbetween2000B.C.and1400B.C.Whenitwascompleteditconsistedofadoublecircleofstones,withtwomoregroupsofstonesoutsidethecircles.Manyofthestonesusedinthismonumentmusthavebeentransportedsome240milestoStonehenge.Singlestones,someofthemweighingabout4tons,musthavebeensentonriversandrolledoverlandontreetrunks.Theycouldn’thavebeencarried!
Themenwhomovedthestonesdidn’thavewheelsorhorses.Eachstonehadtobemovedbyhandandplacedinposition.Theywerefittedtogetherwithgreattechnicalskill.
Therearemanytheoriesaboutthepurposeofthestones.Stonehengewascertainlyameetingplace.Thestoneshavebeenarrangedinaparticularwaytomarksunriseandsunsetatcertaintimesduringtheyear.Thismayhavebeenaplaceofworshipofthesunandalsoanobservatory.Anotherinterestingtheorysuggeststhatthestonesweresomekindofcomputerwhichwasusedtopredicteclipsesofthesunandmoon.
Task3
Humanbeingshavebeenpaintingpicturesforatleast30,000years.Theearliestpictureswerepaintedbypeoplewhohuntedanimals.Theyusedtopaintpicturesoftheanimalstheywantedtocatchandkill.PicturesofthiskindhavebeenfoundonthewallsofcavesinFranceandSpain.Nooneknowswhytheywerepaintedthere.Perhapstheyhadamagicpurpose;perhapsthepaintersthoughtthattheirpictureswouldhelpthemtocatchtheseanimals;orperhapshumanbeingshavealwayswantedtotellstoriesinpictures.
About5,000yearsagotheEgyptiansandotherpeopleintheNearEastbegantousepicturesasakindofwriting.Theydrewsimplepicturesorsignstorepresentthingsandideas,andalsotorepresentthesoundsoftheirlanguage.Thesignsthesepeopleusedbecameakindofalphabet.
TheEgyptiansusedtorecordinformationandtotellstoriesbyputtingpicture-writingandpicturestogether.Whenanimportantpersondied,scenesandstoriesfromhislifewerepaintedandcarvedonthewallsoftheplacewherehewasburied.Someofthesepicturesarelikemoderncomicstripstories.IthasbeensaidthatEgyptisthehomeofthecomicstrip.But,fortheEgyptians,picturesstillhadmagicpower.Sotheydidnottrytomaketheirwayofwritingsimple.Theordinarypeoplecouldnotunderstandit.
Bytheyear1000B.C.,peoplewholivedintheareaaroundtheMediterraneanSeahaddevelopedasimplersystemofwriting.Thesignstheyusedwereveryeasytowrite,andtherewerefewerofthemthanintheEgyptiansystem.Thiswasbecauseeachsign,orletter,representedonlyonesoundintheirlanguage.TheGreeksdevelopedthissystemandformedthelettersoftheGreekalphabet.TheRomanscopiedtheidea,andtheRomanalphabetisnowusedallovertheworld.
Thesedays,wecanwritedownastory,orrecordinformation,withoutusingpictures.Butwestillneedpicturesofallkinds:
drawings,photographs,signsanddiagrams.Wefindthemeverywhere:
inbooksandnewspapers,inthestreet,andonthewallsoftheplaceswhereweliveandwork.Pictureshelpustounderstandandrememberthingsmoreeasily,andtheycanmakeastorymuchmoreinteresting.
Task4
TheearliestuseofthenameNorwichisonanAnglo-Saxoncoin,fromthetimeofKingAthelstan(924–939).Youcanseetheword"Norvic"roundtheedge.WeknowthattheAnglo-Saxonsfarmedinthisdistrict,andhadamarket.WethinktheNormansheldtheirmarketinthesameplace,soNorwichmarketisnearly1,000yearsold.Forcenturiespeoplehavecometothemarkettobuyandsell,andtodayNorwichhasthelargestopen-airmarketinEngland.
WhentheNormansconqueredEnglandinthe11thcenturyA.D.,NorwichwasoneofthelargestcitiesinEngland,withapopulationof5,500.UndertheNormansthecitybecameacentreofthewooltrade.Since1066noforeignarmyhasinvadedBritain,butmanyrefugeeshadfledfromEuropeandsettledindifferentpartsofthecountry.Inthe16thcenturymanyweaverscametoNorwichfromtheNetherlandstoescapereligiousproblemsathome.Thesecloth-workersnumberedabout6,000ofthepopulationofjustover16,000.Alargebuildingwascalledafterthesesettlers,Strangers'Hall.
WilliamtheConquerorbuiltawoodencastleinNorwichin1067,and60yearslatertheNormansbuiltastonecastle.Atfirstitwasanarmycentre,butfrom1220to1887thecastlewastheprisonforthewholecountyofNorfolk.Downinthedungeonsyoucanstillseedeathmasksoftheprisoners.ThisNormancastleisoneofthelargestinEngland.Itswallsare21metreshigh,30metresalongeachsideand3metresthick.TheearlywallsweremadeofCaenstone,butbetween1834and1839buildersrepairedthewallswithnewstonefromBath.
NorwichCathedral,intheheartofthecity,isoneofthemostbeautifulinBritain.ThefirstBishopofNorwichbeganthecathedralin1069.HebroughtbeautifulwhitestonefromCaen,inNormandy.TheNormansshippedthestonetoGreatYarmouthonthecoast,andthenuptheriverWensum.Thebuildershadtodigashortcanalfromtherivertothecathedral.Peopleusedthiscanalforabout300years,butnowyoucannotseeit.ItspathwasfromthestreetcalledLowerClosetoPullsFerry.Anotherbishopaddedthespireinthe15thcentury.Itis96metreshigh,soonlySalisburyCathedralinthewestofEnglandistaller.InsidethecathedraltherearewonderfulNormancolumnsandabeautifulroof.Between1465and1536workerscarvedandpaintedstoriesfromtheBibleonspecialbosses.
Task5
Britain'sindustrialheritageisprobablyricherthanthatofanyothernation,foritwashereduringthecourseofthe18thandearly19thcenturiesthatoccurredtheseriesofmajortechnologicaladvanceswhichheraldedthegreatestsocialandeconomicupheavalinthehistoryofmankind—theupheavalwhichbecameknownastheIndustrialRevolution.
Mining,iron-smelting,themakingoftextilesandpottery—alltheseindustrieshadbeencarriedoninBritainforcenturies.Whatwasrevolutionarywasthesheerscaleofproductionmadepossiblebytheharnessingofawholerangeofnewlydevisedmachinery:
firsttowaterwheelsandlatertoacompletelynewsourceofpower—steam.
ThisenormousandrapidincreaseinmechanizationtookBritishindustryoutofthesmallworkshopandcraftsman’scottageandintothefactory,perhapsemployingthousandsofworkers.Entirenewcitiesweredevelopedinthenewindustrialcentrestohousethem.
Meanwhile,advancesinindustrywerematchedbydevelopmentinengineeringandtransport.Newnetworksofroadsandcanalswereconstructedtotransportgoodsandrawmaterialsmorecheaplyandefficiently.Laterstillcametherailways.
Thespeedofthistransformationwasdramatic.Inlessthan100yearsfromthemiddleofthe18thcentury,Britainchangedfromapredominantlyagriculturalnationintotheworld’sfirstgreatindustrialpower—theenvyofall,andthemodelforindustrializationeverywhere.
Today,Britainisatreasure-houseofrelicsfromthisremarkableperiod.Thankstotheincreasinginterestinindustrialarchaeology,manyimportantindustrialsiteshavebeenrestored,buildingsandotherstructureshavebeensavedfromdemolition,andmachineryofalltypes,includingexamplesoftheworld’searlieststeamengines,havebeenpreserved—eitherinsiteorasexhibitsinoneofthegrowingnumberofindustrialmuseums.
Thenthereareseveralminesandotherindustrialundertakingsrunas"working"museums,lovinglypreservedsteamrailways,companiesstillusingtraditionalmethodswhowelcomevisitors...Thelistisendless.Addtoitthemanysurvivingrelicsofanevenearlierage,suchaswindmills,watermills,medievalminesandancientquarries,andyouhaveauniqueandfascinatingrecordofindustrialdevelopmentdownthecenturies.
Task6
DuringtheMayanClassicalPeriod,from300to900A.D.,thecentralareawasveryimportantculturally.Thereweremanylargeceremonialcentersinthecentralarea.Tikalwasthelargestknowncenter.Originally,peopledidnotliveinthesecenters.Thecenterswereusedonlyforreligiousceremonies,andasmarketplaces.Thesecenterswereemptyexceptonmarketdaysandreligiousfestivals.Atthosetimesthousandsofpeoplecameinfromthecountryside.
Apparently,towardtheendoftheClassicalPeriod,inabout700A.D.,moreandmorepeoplebegantomoveintothesemarketcenters.Theyusedthesemarketcentersasaplacetolive.Thisincreaseinpopulationcausedproblemsforthefarmersnearthecenters.Thefarmersnearthemarketcentershadonlyasmallamountofgoodfarmingland.Buttheyhadtogrowmoreandmorefoodon
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