The Influences of Culture on Chinese and English Headlines.docx
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The Influences of Culture on Chinese and English Headlines.docx
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TheInfluencesofCultureonChineseandEnglishHeadlines
TheInfluencesofCulture
onChineseandEnglishHeadlines
1.Introduction
Withthedevelopmentofmoderntechnology,allmessagesandnewthingsarerepresentedinmassmediaandoneofthetraditionalmediafortransmittingisnewspaper.Newspaperisbecomingmoreandmoreindispensabletopeople’slife.Itisavitalmeansforpeopletoknowtheworld;itreportsthelatesteventsathomeandabroad.Asthe“eyes”and“windows”ofnews,headlineshavereceivedpeople’sattentionallthetime,becausetheyplayanimportantpartinnewsreportanddrawreaders’attentionfirst.Agoodheadlinenotonlyaddsthefinishingtouchtoapieceofnews,butalsocantouchtheheartsofreadersandattractreaders;what’smoreheadlinescanguidereaderstogetmoreinformation.
Peopleknowthatagoodheadlinehasalmostspokenouttheevent.Thatistosay,aheadlineisapieceofnews.Thus,itisself-evidentthatheadlinesareveryimportantfornewsreport.Manyscholarshavedoneresearchesonnewsheadlines,suchasEnglishnewsheadlines,Chinesenewsheadlines,thetranslationofheadlines,etc.However,mostoftheresearchesarefromtheperspectivesofstylisticfeaturesofChineseandEnglishheadlinesandfewofthemconcerntheperspectiveofculturaldifferences.Therefore,thispaperbeginswiththedefinitionandlinguisticfeaturesoftheheadlines,thenturnstodiscusstheeffectofculturaldifferencesinpolitics,ideology,beliefandwaysofthinkingonEnglishandChineseheadlines,helpingreaderstounderstandtheirculturaldifferencesandimprovingreaders’readingabilitytodecodeheadlinesofnewspaper.
2.Definitionofheadline
Thepeculiarityofheadlineshasdrawnagooddealofattention,bothjournalisticandlinguistic.Simpleasitseemstobe,itisaformofexpressionhavingmanystandardstobemetandrequirementstobefulfilledsothattheheadlinewriterisinfactengagedinproducingaliteraryart.Itrequiresagoodmasteryofthelanguageusedaswellasmanyskills.Thusacomparisonofheadlinesbetweentwodifferentlanguagesisactuallythecomparisonbetweentwodifferentcultures.BeforecomparingChineseandEnglishheadlines,itisnecessarytogiveacleardefinitionofheadline.Afterconsultingdefinitionsgivenbyscholarsbothathomeandabroad,itiseasytoseethattheirdefinitionssharesomecommonelementsasfollows:
A.“Headline”isajargonofthenewspaper;
B.Aheadlinesummariesormakescommentsonthenewscontentsthatfollow.
Oncemore,onthebasisofthedefinitionsprovided,aworkingdefinitionofheadline,whichisapplicabletobothEnglishandChinese,canbegivenasfollows:
Aheadlineisalineorlinesofconcisewordsoutsideanewspaperstoryorarticle,whichisusuallyprintedinlargeamountorwithdifferenttypesanddevisedtosummarizeormakecommentsonitscontents.
3.Linguisticfeaturesofheadlines
Headlineis,inasense,anadvertisementforthestory.Agoodheadlinewillreachoutandgrabreaders.Whenitisbright,informative,clearandaccurate,itsreaderscanbehooked.Theyreadon,andthat’sthewholeobject.Writinggoodheadlinesisalmostanart.Itisalsooneofthemostdifficultanddemandingpartsofawriter’sjob.Ifareportersaidinthirtywordsorlessaheadlinewritermighthavetosayinsixwordsorless.Goodheadlinewritingisanartpracticedunderthepressureofdeadlines.Soeveryheadlinewriterwillfollowsomegeneralprinciplestechniquestopractice.Inthefollowingpart,threetypicallexicalfeaturesofheadlineswritingbothinChineseandEnglishwillbediscussed,helpingreaderstocatchinformationmoreeasily.
3.1Usageofnotionalwordsinheadlines
Vocabularyisthebuildingmaterialsoflanguage,soitplaysanimportantroleinlanguage;itisquitenecessarytohavesomeknowledgeaboutit.Headlinewithoutcorrectusageofvocabularymaysometimesbringahardtimetothereaders.
InEnglishnews,headlinesoftencontainnounphraseswithnoverbs.Anounphrasedescribesanoun;anothercommonheadlineformisastringofthree,fourormorenounstogether.Thesecanbedifficultbecausethewordsdonotcometogetherwithverbsoradjectives.Sometimes,thesetakeplacesofotheradjective,participleorsubordinateclauses.Herearesomeexamplesofusinganounornounphraseheadlines:
(1)Petrolpricefears(TheTimes,Oct21,2001)
(2)BestHighSchoolsSpringUpdate(TheUSNews,May16,2008)
(3)L.A.'sSalvationArmyofferspovertysimulation(LosAngelesTimes,May22,2008)
Inthecaseofnounstrings,it'shelpfultotrytoconnecttheideasbyreadingbackwards.Forexample:
in“MustangReferralCustomerComplaint”,byreadingbackwards,peoplecanguessthat:
thereisacomplaintmadebyacustomeraboutareferralprogramforMustangcars.
Comparatively,thekeyofwritingagoodheadlineinChinesenewspaperistousecommonverbs.Sevenoutoftentitlescontaincommonverbs.Appropriateusageofverbscanincreasetheeffectandimproveanabilitytoexpresstitlesofnewspaper.Thispointcanbewellillustratedinthefollowingexamples.
(4)职业歌手决战CETV(《人民日报》2004年7月17日)
(5)欢歌激情涌巴黎(《人民日报》海外版2004年7月28日)
(6)买房后还要砸多少“银子”?
(《人民日报》2006年2月16日)
3.2Omissionoffunctionwordsinheadlines
Economyandcompressionarethemostimportantfeaturesofheadlines.Inordertomeettheneedofalargeamountofinformationinmodernsociety,editorscutthenumberofwordsinonepieceofnewssoastosavewritingspaceplaceandaddmoreinformation.ThisphenomenoncanbeseeninbothChineseandEnglishheadlines.Forexample,functionwordswithnorealmeaningareusuallywillbeomittedinwritingheadlines.However,therearevariousomissionsindifferentlanguages,buttheyplaythesamerole.
InEnglishheadlines,mostwordsdeletedarefunctionwords.Theyareoftenarticles,linkverbs,prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliarywordsandpronouns,Forinstance:
(7)TopIndianhotelangryatBBC(TheSundayTimes,July26,1987)
(ATopIndianhotelangryatTheBBC)
(8)37KilledinItalianplanecrash(TheSundayTimes,July26,1987)
(37KilledinanItalianplanecrash)
(9)Couplesparedjailoverraildeaths(TheTimes,Sept19,2001)
(TheCouplesparedjailoverraildeaths)
However,thearticlesintheheadsoffeaturestoriesandcommentariesareoftenneededandacceptedasfollows:
(10)Isthisalosingbattleagainstfearitself?
(TheTimes,Oct16,2001)
(11)TheJewwhowedaNazi(TheTimes,Aug3,2001)
“The”hereshouldbehereforthedefiniteconnection.
Yet,inChineseheadlines,therearenoarticlesandlinkverbs.Similarly,apartfromtheomissiblewordsabove,prepositions,conjunctionsandpronounscanalsobeomitted.Forexample:
(12)扑面而来中国风(《人民日报》2004年4月2日)
(扑面而来的中国风)
(13)《勇往直前》柏林捧金熊(《人民日报》2004年2月17日)
(电影《勇往直前》在柏林捧金熊)
(14)平常心写出不平常文章(《人民日报》2004年2月17日)
(用一颗平常心写出不平常的文章)
3.3Usageofproverbsandidiomsinheadlines
Literaryquotations,proverbs,wisdoms,idiomsareinexhaustibletraditionalresourceofheadlines,theconnotationofproverbsandidiomsarerich,theirimagesarevivid,theirformsaresymmetrical.Usingsuchfeaturesinheadlinescanaddtothecolorfulnessanddiversificationofheadlines.Sometimesanidiomcansummarizeacompleteidea.Thereforeidiomshavebecomeanothercharacteristicofheadlinevocabulary.Thispointcanbeindicatedfromthegivenexamplesbelow.
(15)弹精竭虑精益求精(《光明日报》2005年1月22日)
(16)十年磨一剑,创新炼成“金”(《日报》2005年12月11日)
(17)TalkofabidputsGreggsonaroll(TheTimesOct19,2001)
(18)Bulgaristealsamatchwithnovelplay(TheTimesOct21,2001)
4.ThecomparisonofChineseandEnglishheadlinesonculturaldifferences
Headlineisaparticularlyrichsourceofinformationinthefieldofculture.Thisisbecausethattitledoesnotstandforexplanationsordefinitions,butdependonthereader’sinstantreorganizationoftheculturalfield;what’smore,allusions,issues,andculturalreferencesareallnecessarytoidentifythecontentsofthearticles.Theythusrelyonastockofculturalknowledge.Representationsandmodelsofrealitymustbeassumedtobewidespreadinthesocietyiftheheadlinesaremeaningful.Therefore,it’snecessarytoanalyzetheculturalconnotationinheadlines.
4.1Thedevelopmentofheadline
Thedevelopmentofheadlinesisalongwiththemedia,whichistightlyrelatedtohistory,society,politics,economyandenvironment.ThisisoneimportantreasonwhyChineseandEnglishheadlinesaredifferent.
4.1.1ThedevelopmentofChineseheadlines
TheearliestnewspaperinChinawastheofficialnewspaperDiBaofoundsometimebetween714ADand741AD.AccordingtoSunKezhioftheTangDynasty,thenewspapersoftheTangDynastyhadnoheadlines.IntheYuanandMingDynasties,thereweresomechangesinitems,periodsofpublication,etc.However,uptothen,therewerestillnoheadlines.
SinceChongzhengYears,thelastyearsoftheMingDynasty,typographycameintouseinthenewspaper,sothecirculationofDiBao,latercalledJingBao,begantoincrease.Besidestheofficialprinting,non-governmentalprintingandsellingalsocontributedtothespreadofthenewspaper.Yetitwasuntilin1905whenShenBaobegananinnovation,headlinespossessedsomecharacteristicsofmodernones.
4.1.2ThedevelopmentofEnglishheadlines
Thefirstmodernnewspaper,theDailyCourant,appearedinEnglandin1702.Modernasitwas,itwasstillwithoutheadlines.FromtheAmericanRevolutionrightuptotheSpanish–AmericanWardays,thedepartmentalheadlinescouldbefoundintheAmericannewspapers.However,themostcommonlyusedformwasthelabelhead–ageneralandindefinitestatementwithoutverbs,orcaptionst
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