tpo26.docx
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tpo26.docx
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tpo26
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tpo26阅读翻译+答案解析(word版下载)
摘要:
下面是小马过河整理的新托福tpo26阅读翻译+答案解析(word版下载),同学们可在线免费下载托福阅读TPO全套试题,希望对大家备考托福阅读考试有所帮助。
新托福tpo26阅读翻译+答案解析(word版下载)第2篇:
SurvivalofPlantsandAnimalsinDesertConditions
新托福tpo26阅读翻译+答案解析(word版下载):
托福阅读原文
【1】Theharshconditionsindesertsareintolerableformostplantsandanimals.Despitetheseconditions,however,manyvarietiesofplantsandanimalshaveadaptedtodesertsinanumberofways.Mostplanttissuesdieiftheirwatercontentfallstoolow:
thenutrientsthatfeedplantsaretransmittedbywater;waterisarawmaterialinthevitalprocessofphotosynthesis;andwaterregulatesthetemperatureofaplantbyitsabilitytoabsorbheatandbecausewatervaporlosttotheatmospherethroughtheleaveshelpstolowerplanttemperatures.Watercontrolsthevolumeofplantmatterproduced.Thedistributionofplantswithindifferentareasofdesertisalsocontrolledbywater.Someareas,becauseoftheirsoiltexture,topographicalposition,ordistancefromriversorgroundwater,havevirtuallynowateravailabletoplants,whereasothersdo.
【2】Thenatureofplantlifeindesertsisalsohighlydependentonthefactthattheyhavetoadapttotheprevailingaridity.Therearetwogeneralclassesofvegetation:
long-livedperennials,whichmaybesucculent(water-storing)andareoftendwarfedandwoody,andannualsorephemerals,whichhaveashortlifecycleandmayformafairlydensestandimmediatelyafterrain.
【3】Theephemeralplantsevadedrought.Givenayearoffavorableprecipitation,suchplantswilldevelopvigorouslyandproducelargenumbersofflowersandfruit.Thisreplenishestheseedcontentofthedesertsoil.Theseedsthenliedormantuntilthenextwetyear,whenthedesertbloomsagain.
【4】Theperennialvegetationadjuststotheariditybymeansofvariousavoidancemechanisms.Mostdesertplantsareprobablybestclassifiedasxerophytes.Theypossessdrought-resistingadaptations:
lossofwaterthroughtheleavesisreducedbymeansofdensehairscoveringwaxyleafsurfaces,bytheclosureofporesduringthehottesttimestoreducewaterloss,andbytherollinguporsheddingofleavesatthebeginningofthedryseason.Somexerophytes,thesucculents(includingcacti),storewaterintheirstructures.Anotherwayofcounteringdroughtistohavealimitedamountofmassabovegroundandtohaveextensiverootnetworksbelowground.Itisnotunusualfortherootsofsomedesertperennialstoextenddownwardmorethantenmeters.Someplantsarewoodyintype—anadaptationdesignedtopreventcollapseoftheplanttissuewhenwaterstressproduceswilting.Anotherclassofdesertplantisthephreatophyte.Thesehaveadaptedtotheenvironmentbythedevelopmentoflongtaprootsthatpenetratedownwarduntiltheyapproachtheassuredwatersupplyprovidedbygroundwater.Amongtheseplantsarethedatepalm,tamarisk,andmesquite.Theycommonlygrownearstreamchannels,springs,oronthemarginsoflakes.
【5】Animalsalsohavetoadapttodesertconditions,andtheymaydoitthroughtwoformsofbehavioraladaptation:
theyeitherescapeorretreat.Escapeinvolvessuchactionsasaestivation,aconditionofprolongeddormancy,ortorpor,duringwhichanimalsreducetheirmetabolicrateandbodytemperatureduringthehotseasonorduringverydryspells.
【6】Seasonalmigrationisanotherformofescape,especiallyforlargemammalsorbirds.Thetermretreatisappliedtotheshort-termescapebehaviorofdesertanimals,anditusuallyassumesthepatternofadailyrhythm.Birdsshelterinnests,rockoverhangs,trees,anddenseshrubstoavoidthehottesthoursoftheday,whilemammalslikethekangarooratburrowunderground.
【7】Someanimalshavebehavioral,physiological,andmorphological(structural)adaptationsthatenablethemtowithstandextremeconditions.Forexample,theostrichhasplumagethatissoconstructedthatthefeathersarelongbutnottoodense.Whenconditionsarehot,theostricherectsthemonitsback,thusincreasingthethicknessofthebarrierbetweensolarradiationandtheskin.Thesparsedistributionofthefeathers,however,alsoallowsconsiderablelateralairmovementovertheskinsurface,therebypermittingfurtherheatlossbyconvection.Furthermore,thebirdsorientthemselvescarefullywithregardtotheSunandgentlyflaptheirwingstoincreaseconvectioncooling.
新托福tpo26阅读翻译+答案解析(word版下载):
托福阅读试题
1.Accordingtoparagraph1,waterprovidesallofthefollowingessentialfunctionsforplantsEXCEPT
A.improvingplants’abilitytoabsorbsunlight.
B.preventingplantsfrombecomingoverheated.
C.transportingnutrients.
D.servingasarawmaterialforphotosynthesis.
2.Paragraph3suggeststhatduringadryyearephemerals
A.produceevenmoreseedsthaninawetyear.
B.donotsproutfromtheirseeds.
C.bloommuchlaterthaninawetyear.
D.aremoreplentifulthanperennials.
3.Howisparagraph2relatedtoparagraph3?
A.Paragraph2providesageneraldescriptionofdesertplants,andparagraph3providesascientificexplanationfortheseobservations.
B.Paragraph2dividesdesertplantsintotwocategories,andparagraph3providesfurtherinformationaboutoneofthesecategories.
C.Paragraph2proposesonewayofdividingdesertplantsintocategories,andparagraph3explainsoneproblemwiththismethodofclassification.
D.Paragraph2discussestwocategoriesofdesertplants,andparagraph3introducesathirdcategoryofplants.
4.Insayingthatephemeralswilldevelop“vigorously"whenthereisfavorableprecipitation,theauthormeansthattheirdevelopmentwillbe
A.sudden.
B.early.
C.gradual.
D.strongandhealthy.
5.Theword“countering”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.eliminating.
B.makinguseof.
C.actingagainst.
D.experiencing.
6.Accordingtoparagraph4,somedesertplantswithrootsystemsthatareextraordinarilywelldevelopedhave
A.relativelylittlegrowthaboveground.
B.veryleafyabovegroundstructures.
C.nonwoodyplanttissueresistanttowilting.
D.waterstoredwithintheirroots.
7.Theword“assured”(paragraph4)inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.pure.
B.diminished.
C.guaranteed.
D.deep.
8.Whatdo“thedatepalm,tamarisk,andmesquite"(paragraph4)haveincommon?
A.Theyarealwaysfoundtogether.
B.Theydependonsurfacewaterprovidedbystreams,springs,andlakes.
C.Theyarephreatophytes.
D.Theirrootsarecapableofbreakingthroughhardsoils
9.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage(paragraph5)?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Onewayanimalsescapeisbyenteringastateofextendeddormancy,knownasaestivation,duringthehottestanddriesttimesofyear.
B.Animalscanescapewithoutusingdirectaction,oraestivation,simplybyreducingtheirmetabolicrateandbodytemperature.
C.Theactionsthatananimalusestoescapeareknownasaestivation,whichsometimesinvolvesareductioninmetabolicrateorbodytemperature.
D.Whentheweatherisespeciallyhotanddry,ananimalmaysufferfromaconditionknownasaestivation,atwhichpointtheanimalneedstoescape.
10.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph6thatalloftheplacesdesertanimalsretreatto
A.provideshadefromthesun.
B.sometimesbecomecrowded.
C.areplaceswheresuppliesoffoodareplentiful.
D.leavetheanimalsvulnerabletopredators.
11.Accordingtoparagraph7,whatspecialadaptationhelpstheostrichcopewithhotdesertconditions?
A.Eachofitsfeathersisveryshortanddense.
B.Itswingsproduceonlylateralairmovementwhenflapping.
C.Itsfeathersareverythicklysetonbothitsbackanditswings.
D.Itcanmakeitsfeathersstanduponitsback.
12.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
Theincreaseinrewardstilldidnotattractyoungpeopletothishardlife,andconvictedcriminalsandslaveswerepressedintoservices
Theharshconditionsindesertsareintolerableformostplantsandanimals.Despitetheseconditions,however,manyvarietiesofplantsandanimalshaveadaptedtodesertsinanumberofways.Mostplanttissuesdieiftheirwatercontentfallstoolow:
thenutrientsthatfeedplantsaretransmittedbywater;waterisarawmaterialinthevitalprocessofphotosynthesis;andwaterregulatesthetemperatureofaplantbyitsabilitytoabsorbheatandbecausewatervaporlosttotheatmospherethroughtheleaveshelpstolowerplanttemperatures.【A】Watercontrolsthevolumeofplantmatterproduced.【B】Thedistributionofplantswithindifferentareasofdesertisalsocontrolledbywater.【C】Someareas,becauseoftheirsoiltexture,topographicalposition,ordistancefromriversorgroundwater,havevirtuallynowateravailabletoplants,whereasothersdo.【D】
13.Directions:
Selectfromthesevenphrasesbelowthetwophrasesthatcorrectlycharacterizespecialadaptationsfoundprimarilyindesertannualsandthethreephrasesthatcorrectlycharacterizespecialadaptationsfoundprimarilyindesertperennials.Selecteachphraseyouselectintheappropriatecolumnofthetable.Thisquestionisworth3points.
A.Woodystructures.
B.Explosivegrowthinwetyears.
C.Long,thin,shallowroots.
D.Storageofwaterinplanttissue.
E.Minimizationoftheamountofwaterusedforphotosynthesis.
F.Shortlifecycle.
G
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