理工B级 阅读理解 押题整理.docx
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理工B级 阅读理解 押题整理.docx
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理工B级阅读理解押题整理
理工B级幺建华老师押题整理
阅读理解
第三十二篇Mind-reading1Machine(B级)
AteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanningwhat’shappeningintheirbrains.
Whenyoulookatsomething,youreyessendasignalaboutthatobjecttoyourbrain.Differentregionsofthebrainprocesstheinformationyoureyessend.Cellsinyourbraincalledneuronsareresponsibleforthisprocessing.
ThefMRI(functionalMagneticResonanceImaging)2brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat.
Likecellsanywhereelseinyourbody,activeneuronsuseoxygen.Bloodbringsoxygentotheneurons,andthemoreactiveaneuronis,themoreoxygenitwillconsume.Themoreactivearegionofthebrain,themoreactiveitsneurons,andinturn,themorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRI,scientistscanvisualize3whichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood—andtherefore,whichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation.
AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhenapersonthinks,looksatsomething,orcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.Byhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatworkwhenapersonlooksatdifferentimages,fMRImayhelpscientistsdeterminespecificpatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwithdifferentkindsofimages.
TheCaliforniaresearcherstestedbrainactivitybyhavingtwovolunteersviewhundredsofpicturesofeverydayobjects,likepeople,animals,andfruits.ThescientistsusedanfMRImachinetorecordthevolunteers’brainactivitywitheachphotographtheylookedat.Differentobjectscauseddifferentregionsofthevolunteers’brainstolightuponthescan,indicatingactivity.Thescientistsusedthisinformationtobuildamodeltopredicthowthebrainmightrespondtoanyimagetheeyessee.
Inasecondtest,thescientistsaskedthevolunteerstolookat120newpictures.Likebefore,theirbrainswerescannedeverytimetheylookedatanewimage.Thistime,thescientistsusedtheirmodeltomatchthefMRIscanstotheimage.Forexample,ifascaninthesecondtestshowedthesamepatternofbrainactivitythatwasstronglyrelatedtopicturesofapplesinthefirsttest,theirmodelwouldhavepredictedthevolunteerswerelookingatapples.
词汇:
scan/skAn/v.&n.扫描neuron/5njuErCn/n.神经元visualize/5vIzjJElaIz/v.使可见;设想注释:
1.Mind-reading:
能读出(猜出)人的想法的。
mind-read:
可做动词,如,Asasuccessfulsalesman,heisabletomind-readhiscustomers.
2.FMRI(functionalMagneticResonanceImaging):
功能性磁振造影。
这是一种新兴的神经影像学方式,其原理是利用磁振造影来测量神经元活动所引发之血液动力的改变。
3.visualize:
意为make(something)visibletotheeye,即“使可见,使显现”。
练习:
1.Whatisresponsibleforprocessingtheinformationsentbyyoureyes?
A)Asmallregionofthebrain.
B)Thecentralpartofthebrain.
C)Neuronsinthebrain.
D)Oxygen-richblood.
2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmeantbythewriter?
A)Ceilsinyourbrainarecalledneurons.
B)Themoreoxygenaneuronconsumes,themoreblooditneeds.
C)fMRIhelpsscientiststodiscoverwhichpartsofthebrainprocessinformation.
D)fMRIhelpsscientiststodiscoverhowthebraindevelopsintelligently.
3.“Highlightingtheareasofthebrainatwork”means
A)“markingthepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation”
B)“givinglighttothepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation”C)“puttingthepartsofthebraintowork”
D)“stoppingthepartsofthebrainfromworking”
4.Whatdidtheresearchersexperimenton?
A)Animals,objects,andfruits.
B)Twovolunteers.
C)fMRImachines.
D)Thousandsofpictures.
5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebestreplacementofthetide?
A)TheRecentDevelopmentinScienceandTechnology.
B)YourThoughtsCanBeScanned.
C)ATechnologicalDream.
D)ADevicethatcanHelpYouCalculate.答案与题解:
1.C文章第二段的昀后两个句子提供了答案。
Cellsinyourbraincalledneuronsareresponsibleforthisprocessing.这里的processing指的就是上句中的内容。
2.D的电容文章中没有出现。
A的内容在第二段可找到。
B的内容在第二段可找到。
C的内容在第五段可找到。
3.Ahighlight:
使…显得突出,标出。
atwork:
正在工作的。
这里指正在处理信息的(大脑区域)。
4.B答案在文章的第六段中可以找到。
实验者让两个自愿受试者观看许多照片,并用fMRI对设备测试他们的大脑在这一过程中的活动。
5.BA论述的范围太大。
fMR技术已不再是梦想,所以C也不是正确选择。
D所述内容与文章完全不符。
B符合文章内容,是昀佳选择。
第三十四篇BatteriesBuiltbyViruses
Whatdochickenpox,thecommoncold,theflu,andAIDShaveincommon?
They’realldiseasecausedbyviruses,tinymicroorganismsthatcanpassfrompersontoperson.It'snowonder1thatwhenmostpeoplethinkaboutviruses,findingwayst0steerclearof2virusesiswhat'sonpeople'sminds.
Noteveryonerunsfromthetinydiseasecarders,though3.InCambridge,Massachusetts4,scientistshavediscoveredthatsomevirusescanbehelpfulinanunusualway.Theyareputtingvirusestowork,teachingthemtobuildsomeoftheworld'ssmallestrechargeablebatteries.
Virusesandbatteriesmayseemlikeanunusualpair,butthey'renotsostrangeforengineerAngelaBelcher,whofirstcameupwith5theidea.AttheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)inCambridge,sheandhercollaboratorsbringtogetherdifferentareasofscienceinnewways.Inthecaseofthevirus-builtbatteries,thescientistscombinewhattheyknowaboutbiology,technologyandproductiontechniques.
Belcher'steamincludesPaulaHammond,whohelpsputtogetherthetinybatteries,andYet-MingChiang,anexpertonhowtostoreenergyintheformofabattery.“We’reworkingonthingswetraditionallydon’tassociatewithnature.”saysHammond.
Manybatteriesarealreadyprettysmall.YoucanholdA.CandDbatteries6inyourhand.Thecoin—likebatteriesthatpowerwatchesareoftensmallerthanapenny.However。
everyyear,newelectronicdeviceslikepersonalmusicplayersorcellphonesgetsmallerthantheyearbefore.Asthesedevicesshrink,ordinarybatterieswon'tbesmallenoughtofitinside.
Theidealbatterywillstorealotofenergyinasmallpackage.Rightnow,Belcher'smodelbattery,ametallicdiskcompletelybuiltbyviruses,lookslikearegularwatchbattery.Butinside,itscomponentsareverysmall—sotinyyoucanonlyseethemwithapowerfulmicroscope.
Howsmallarethesebatteryparts?
Togetsomeideaofthesize,pluckonehairfromyourhead.Placeyourhaironapieceofwhitepaperandtrytoseehowwideyourhairis—prettythin,right?
Althoughthewidthofeachperson'shairisabitdifferent,youcouldprobablyfitaboutloofthesevirus—builtbatteryparts,sidetoside,acrossonehair.Thesemicrobatteriesmaychangethewaywelookatviruses7.
词汇:
chickenpox水痘
microorganismn.微生物
metallicadj.金属的
collaboratorn.合作者,协作者
pluckv.拔,摘,采
注释:
1.nowonder:
不足为奇的,难怪
2.steerclearof:
避开,绕开
3.though:
意思为“然而,可是”。
在句中使用时通常放在句末。
4.Cambridge,Massachusetts:
马萨诸塞州的剑桥市。
本文第三段提到的theMassachusetts
InstituteofTechnology(MIT)inCambridge即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院。
麻省理工学院于1861年由著名自然科学家威廉·巴罗吉杰斯创立。
这是美国的一所私立研究型大学,培养高级科技人才和管理人才,是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学。
5.cameupwith:
提出
6.A,CandDbatteries:
A、C、D均为电池型号。
7.Thesemicrobatteriesmaychangethewaywelookatviruses:
这些微型电池可能会改变我们看待病毒的方式。
作者想表达的意思是:
人们一直认为病毒有害无益,现在病毒可用来制作电池,人们对病毒的看法可能会因此而发生变化。
练习:
1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peopletryto
A.killmicroorganismsrelatedtochickenpox,theflu,etc.
B.keepthemselvesawayfromvirusesbecausetheyareinvisible.
C.stayawayfromvirusesbecausetheyarecausesofvariousdiseases.
D.curethemselvesofvirus—relateddiseasesbytakingmedicines.
2.WhatisBelcher'steamdoingatpresent?
A.Itisfindingwaystogetridofviruses..
B.Itismass—producingmicrobatteries.
C.Itismakingbatterieswithviruses.
D.Itisanalyzingvirusgenes.
3.Whatexpressionbelowisoppositeinmeaningtotheword"shrink"appearinginparagraph5?
A.Broaden.
B.Spread.
C.Extend.
D.Expand:
4.WhichofthefollowingistrueofBelcher'sbatterymentionedinparagraph6?
A.Itismadeofmetal.
B.Itisakindofwatchbattery.
C.Itcanonlybeseenwithamicroscope.
D.Itisametallicdiskwithvirusesinsideit.
5.Howtinyisonebatterypart?
A.Itswidthisonetenthofahair.
B.Itequalsthewidthofahair.
C.Itisasthinasapieceofpaper.
D.Itswidthistootinytomeasure.
答案与题解:
1.C短文第一段的大致意思是,许多疾病都由病毒引起,诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病,所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。
这是C所表达的意思。
A不是正确选择,因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去杀死病毒。
B的后半句的内容(病毒肉眼看不见)和D的内容(吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病)文中没有提到.
2.C短文的第二段明确提供了答案。
3.D根据上下文,shrink在此的意思是“收缩”,即“缩小”。
所以,它的反义词是expand(增大,扩张)。
C不是正确选择,因为extend的意思是becomelonger,即“延伸”或“加长”。
A的意思是“加宽”,也不是答案。
B的意思是“伸展,展开”,在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反义词,但在第五段这个语境里,B不是最佳选择。
4.D第六段第二句中提到的metallicdisk是指“金属圆盘”,它是微型电池的外形,其内部是由病毒构成的电池部件。
微型电池不是由金属组成的,所以A不是答案。
本段提到,这种电池lookslikearegularwatchbattery,与手表里电池外形相似,但并不等同手表电池,所以B也不是正确选择。
文章只是说电池的部件(但并没有说整个电池)小到只能用显微镜才能看到,所以C也不是正确的选择。
D才是第六段所要表达的主要内容,因此是答案。
5.A短文最后一段的第四句(“youcouldprobablyfitaboutloofthesevirus-builtbatteryparts,sidetoside,acrossonehair”)提供了本题的答案。
第三十五篇PuttingPlantstoWork
Usingthepowerofthesunisnothingnew.Peoplehavehadsolar-poweredcalculatorsandbuildingswithsolarpanelsfordecades.Butplantsaretherealexperts:
They’vebeenusingsunlightasanenergysourceforbillionsofyears.
Ceilsinthegreenleavesofplantsworkliketinyfactoriestoconvertsunlight,carbondioxide,andwaterinto1sugarsandstarches,storedenergythattheplantscanuse.Thisconversionprocessiscalledphotosynthesis.Unfortunately,unlessyou’reaplant,it’sdifficultandexpensivetoconvertsunlightintostorableenergy.That’swhyscientistsaretakingacloserlookatexactlyhowplantsdoit.
Somescientistsaretryingtogetplants,orbiologicalcellsthatactlikeplants,toworkasminiaturephotosyntheticpowerstations.Forexample,MafiaG
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