托福雅思优秀语言借鉴.docx
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托福雅思优秀语言借鉴.docx
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托福雅思优秀语言借鉴
(Reuters)- 【Usingamobilephonemightincreasetheriskof developing certaintypesofbraintumours andconsumersshouldconsiderwaysofreducingtheir exposure, WorldHealthOrganisationWHO.LcancerexpertssaidonTuesday.】正方论据
Aworkinggroupof31scientistsfrom14countriesmeetingattheWHO'sInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancerIARC.Lsaidareviewofalltheavailablescientificevidencesuggested【 cellphoneuseshouldbeclassifiedas"possibly carcinogenic."】正方论点
Theclassification,whichputsmobilephoneuseinthesamebroadIARCcancerrisk category aslead,chloroform andcoffee,could spur theUnitedNationshealthbody to lookagainatits guidelinesonmobilephones,thescientistssaid.
【Butmore lengthy anddetailedresearchisneededbeforeamore definitive answeronanylinkcanbegiven.】反方论据
TheWHOhadpreviouslysaid therewasnoestablishedevidencefor alinkbetweencellphoneuseandcancer.
"Afterreviewingessentiallyalltheevidencethatisrelevant...theworkinggroup classified radiofrequencyelectromagneticfields as possiblycarcinogenictohumans,"JonathanSamet,chairoftheIARCgroup,saidinatelebriefing.
Hesaidsomeevidencesuggestedalinkbetweenanincreasedriskforglioma,atypeofbraincancer,andmobilephoneuse.
【Cellphoneusehas risenhugely sincetheywere introduced intheearly1980s,with5billioninusetoday.】开头段背景句 【Andsincephones havebecomesuchakeypartofdailylife --usedbymanyfor Websurfing aswellastalking--industryexpertssay ahealththreat willnotstoppeopleusingthem.】开头段主题句
Instead, 【concernedconsumersmight optto buymore accessories suchas headsets to reducetherisks,】解决方案 AvianSecuritiesanalystMatthewThorntonsaid.
"It'sgoingtotakesome compellingargument (令人非相信不可的论点)tochangebehaviour,"hesaid.
TheWHO'spositionhas beenkeenlyawaitedby mobilephonecompaniesandbycampaigngroupswhohave raisedconcernsaboutwhether cellphonesmight beharmfultohealth.
Industrygroupsimmediately soughtto playdown (淡化,弱化)thedecision, stressing the"possiblycarcinogenic"categoryalsoincludes substances suchaspickledvegetablesandcoffee.
"ThisIARCclassificationdoesnotmeanthatcellphonescausecancer,"saidJohnWalls,vicepresidentofpublicaffairsfortheUnitedStates-basedwirelessassociationCTIA.
HenotedtheIARCworkinggroupdidnot conduct anynew research,butreviewedpublishedstudies,andsaidother regulatorybodies(监管机构)suchastheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationhavestatedthat"theweightofscientificevidencehasnot linked cellphones with anyhealthproblems."
JohnCooke,executivedirectoroftheBritish-basedMobileOperatorsAssociation,saidIARChadonlyfoundthepossibilityofa hazard.
【"Whetherornotthis representsarisk requiresfurtherscientificinvestigation,"hesaidinastatement.】反方论据
PREVIOUSSTUDIESINCONCLUSIVE
【TheIARCremarksfollowastudypublishedlastyearthatlookedatalmost13,000cellphoneusersover10yearsandfoundnoclearansweronwhetherthemobiledevicescausebraintumours.】反方论据
Manypreviousstudieshavealso failedtoestablishanyclearcancerlink,butaU.S.studyinFebruaryfoundthatusingamobilephonecanchangebraincellactivity.
IARCdirectorChristopherWildsaiditwasimportantthatmoreresearchbeconducted,particularlyintolong-termandheavyuseofmobilephones.
【"Pendingtheavailabilityofsuchinformation,itisimportantto takepragmaticmeasures to reduceexposuresuchashands-freedevicesortexting,"】解决方案hesaid.
MalcolmSperrin,directorofmedicalphysicsandclinicalengineeringatBritain'sRoyalBerkshireHospital,saidhethoughttheIARCmovewas appropriate becauseit reflected the"anecdotalevidence thatcancersmay beassociatedwith phoneusage."Butheadded:
"【Itis vitallyimportant tofullyunderstandthat thereisnodefinitivecorrelation."】反方论据
Oneinsixpupilsstreamedagedseven–survey
【注解】有没有觉得题目中的stream这个词用得很精准呢?
这个词原来表示溪流,在这里是一个英式用法,专门表示“把(小学生)按年龄或能力分组”,或者做名词,表示“年龄或能力相仿的小学生分在一起的小组”。
由此看来英国人对这个话题探讨已久,已经有专门的词来表示这种分班现象了。
通过这个词,大家应该可以理解这道雅思写作题的内涵了,这是英国特有的现象,考官特别强调了是小学生pupil,而不是schoolchildren,写的时候可别弄错哦。
另外,英语为了简洁,通常把标题中的be动词、介词等无关紧要的词省略。
这个标题用完整的句子来表达,应该是:
Oneinsixpupilsisbeingstreamedbytheageofseven.
Oneinsixchildrenisbeingstreamedbyabilitybytheageofseven,accordingtoresearchbytheInstituteofEducation.
【注解】这句话可以放在写作的首段,用作背景句。
雅思写作中经常有同学随便举“研究显示”、“调查显示”这样的例子,但是考官看了这些无凭无据、随意捏造的例子就会厌烦,所以一般建议考生尽量避免举这样的例子。
但这是BBC的真实报道,InstituteofEducation是英国著名的伦敦大学教育学院,这样的实例完全可以用在雅思写作里。
Theresearchersfoundboysweremorelikelytobeplacedinthebottomstreamthangirls.
Theyalsofoundchildrenbornintheautumnarestatisticallymorelikelytobeinthe topclasses thanthosewithbirthdaysinspringorsummer.
Ethnicityisnotlinkedtostream placement,theresearcherssuggest.
【注解】placement原来表示“放置、布局、布局、部署”的意思,还可以解释为“(人员的)安插、工作安排,在这里专门表示“(学生)的编班”。
比如placementexam就是表示“编班考试”的意思。
这个词是不是非常有用呢?
'Limitedmovementopportunities'
ProfessorSusanHallam,theresearchproject'sleader,said:
"Given thecurrentemphasison socialmobility itissurprisingthatsomanychildrenarestreamedatsuchayoungage.
【注解】可不要小看了given这个单词,这里确实一个非常高级的用法,表示“鉴于、考虑到”。
后面加名词,或者that从句,接原因。
因此这个词是英语中使用频率非常高的词。
你的写作里还用because 或者becauseof来表示原因吗?
这句话的意思是:
考虑到目前对于社会流动性的强调,如此多的小学生这么在小的年龄就被分班,实在令人吃惊。
这里的socialmobility翻译为“社会流动性”,是一个社会学的专业术语,指的是社会不同层次之间的互相流动,比如从下层社会到上游社会的流动。
这个专业术语详细的定义可以参加维基百科http:
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobility 。
这个词在雅思写作教育类话题里是一个非常高分的词汇,可以用来交代教育的作用:
教育可以增加socialmobility,帮助下层社会的儿童长大后走上上流社会。
但是在今天的英国,socialmobility依然是一个很大的问题(中国目前的情况更加如此),阶层固化,流动逐渐减缓,也就是说,穷人想要翻身,跻身上流社会,正在变得越来越非难。
感兴趣的同学可以阅读BBC的这篇报道http:
//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12225252 。
"Weknowthatonceinastreamtheopportunitiesformovementtoanotherstreamarelimitedsolifechancesarebeingdeterminedataveryearlyage." 【反面论点】
【注解】非常棒的反面论据!
这里的stream就是在标题的注解中讲过的意思了,表示按照学习成绩划分的班级。
句话的意思是说,一旦一个人处在了一个班级层次中,那么他向另外一个层次移动的机会就变得有限了,所以人生中的机会在很小的时候就被决定了。
She drewthedistinctionbetween setting -wherechildrenin mixedabilityclasses aregroupedfordifferentsubjectsaccordingtotheirlevelinthatparticular discipline - and streaming,wherepupilsareplacedintodifferentclassesonthebasisofajudgementabouttheir overall academicability.
【注解】首先这里有一个非常棒的地道词组:
draw/makea/thedistinctionbetweenAandB,表示“把A和B区分开来”。
你是否还在用被用烂掉的词组“tellthedifferencebetweenAandB”呢?
这里的setting和streaming两个词都是有破折号在做注解的。
两者都是分班的类型,前者的大致意思是把混班的学生按照他们所擅长的科目分为不同的小组,后者就是按照总体学习能力分班。
【写作借鉴】如果你的作文里是反对streaming的,那么就可以给出分班的解决方案:
setting。
ReportauthorProfessorSusanHallam:
"Childrenandtheirparentsandteachershavelowerexpectationsofthosewhoareinstreams"【反面论点】
ProfHallamdescribedstreamingasa"blunt instrument"whichshethoughthad"prettymuchdiedout".
Shesaid itcouldlowerparents',teachers'andchildren'sownexpectations,whichcouldthenbecome"self-fulfillingprophesies". 【反面论点】
【注解】这个词组表示“本身自然会实现的预言”。
Butshedidacknowledgeit madeteachingeasier. 【正面论据】
FormerchiefinspectorofschoolsSirChrisWoodheadsaidhewassurprisedanddelightedschoolswerestreamingchildrenagain.
"Itseemstomethatstreamingisratheragoodthing,"hetoldtheBBC'sTodayprogramme.
"Thenarrowerthe spread ofabilitiesintheclass,themoreeffectivetheteachingcanbe.
【注解】很好的正面论据!
这里的spread 作名词,解释为“差异、差距”。
你还在用滥词difference吗?
"IfyouhavegotchildrenwhocanhardlyreadandchildrenreadingLordoftheRingsatthetopendofprimaryschool,thenyouhavegotaverytoughjobtryingtochallengethemostableandsupporttheleastable."【正面论据】这里可以用作论据来例证刚才提到的论点
Childpoverty
ThisInstituteofEducationreport,basedoninformationfrom8,875children,saidoneinsixchildrenintheUKwasplacedinabilityclassesbytheageofseven.
InWales,oneinfive(19.5%)isassignedastreamatanearlyagewhilethefigureis17%inEngland,16%inScotlandand11%inNorthernIreland,itsaid.
Childreninlarger,mixed-sex,non-faith,non-feepayingschoolsweremorelikelytobeinstreamsthanpupilsinsmall,independent,single-sexorfaithschools,theresearcherssaid.
"Childrenatschoolswithmixed-yeargroupsandthoseattendinglargerprimaryschoolsweremorelikelytobestreamedthantheirpeersinsmallerprimaryschools,"saysthereport.
"Particulargroupswerefoundtobeover-representedincertainstreams. Childreninthebottomstreamhadexperiencedmoreconsistentpovertyandweremorelikelytohavebehaviouralproblemsandmotherswithfewerqualifications,"itadded.
"Girlswereover-representedinthemiddlestreams,boysinthebottomstream.Autumn-bornchildrenwereover-representedinthetopstream,summer-borninthemiddleandbottomstreams." 【反面论据】
【注解】这三句都可以当做反对分班的有力论据。
这次研究表明:
1、出身贫穷的、母亲没有接受过良好教育孩子更有可能被分到差班。
2、小学男生显然要比女生成绩要差,因此更容易被分到差班。
3、夏天出生的孩子由于年龄比秋季出生的同学要小,因此也更有可能分到差班。
看来分班会导致这么多的不公平,如果分班,一个夏天出生在贫困家庭的男生情何以堪!
!
!
ThechildrenareincludedintheMillenniumCohortStudy,whichismanagedbytheCentreforLongitudinalStudiesattheInstituteofEducation.
AmoreextensiveanalysisofthedatawillbepresentedtotheBritishEducationalResearchAssociationConferenceinSeptember.
Whyissocialmobilitystillsuchaproblem?
Gettingthebeststartinlifeforpeoplewhocomefromapoorbackgroundhasalwaysbeenadifficultissueforpoliticians.Thisweekagovernment-commissionedreportidentifiedacycleof"dysfunctionandunder-achievement"-andtheneedtotackleitbythrowingresourcesatvulnerablechildrenfromaveryyoungage.Butcanfailuretoachieveinearlyyearshaltsocialmobilityfromtheoutset?
Accordingto2005 researchfromtheLondonSchoolofEconomicstherewasanoveralldeclineinsocialmobilityintheUKbetween1958and1970.
Thep
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