Book review of The Three Musketeers解读.docx
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Book review of The Three Musketeers解读.docx
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BookreviewofTheThreeMusketeers解读
BookreviewofTheThreeMusketeers
IntroductionofAlexandreDumas:
AlexandreDumas(bornDumasDavydelaPailleterie,24July1802–5December1870),alsoknownasAlexandreDumas,père,wasaFrenchwriter,bestknownforhishistoricalnovelsofhighadventure.Translatedintonearly100languages,thesehavemadehimoneofthemostwidelyreadFrenchauthorsintheworld.Manyofhisnovels,includingTheCountofMonteCristo,TheThreeMusketeers,TwentyYearsAfter,andTheVicomtedeBragelonne:
TenYearsLaterwereoriginallypublishedasserials.Hisnovelshavebeenadaptedsincetheearlytwentiethcenturyfornearly200films.Dumas'lastnovel,TheKnightofSainte-Hermine,unfinishedathisdeath,wascompletedbyascholarandpublishedin2005,becomingabestseller.ItwaspublishedinEnglishin2008asTheLastCavalier.
Prolificinseveralgenres,Dumasbeganhiscareerbywritingplays,whichweresuccessfullyproducedfromthefirst.Healsowrotenumerousmagazinearticlesandtravelbooks;hispublishedworkstotaled100,000pages.Inthe1840s,DumasfoundedtheThéâtreHistoriqueinParis.
Bornandraisedinpoverty,ashisfatherdiedwhenhewasfour,DumasfaceddiscriminationbecauseofhisethnicAfricanancestry,althoughhewasthree-quartersFrench.Throughhisfather,whowasborninSaint-Domingue,hewasthegrandsonofaFrenchnoblemanandablackslave.HismotherwasFrench.Asayoungman,Dumas'aristocraticrankhelpedhimacquireworkwithLouis-Philippe,DukeofOrléans.
WiththeelectionofLouis-NapoléonBonapartein1851,Dumasfellfromfavor,andleftFranceforBelgium.Afterseveralyears,hemovedontoRussiaforafewyears,beforegoingtoItaly.In1861hefoundedandpublishedthenewspaper,L'Indipendente,whichsupportedtheItalianunificationeffort.In1864hereturnedtoParis.
Married,Dumasalsohadnumerousaffairs,saidtototal40.Hewasknowntohaveatleastfourillegitimateor"natural"children,includingaboynamedAlexandreDumasafterhim.Thissonbecameasuccessfulnovelistandplaywright,andwasknownasAlexandreDumas,fils(son),whiletheelderDumasbecameconventionallyknowninFrenchasAlexandreDumas,père(father).Amonghisaffairs,in1866DumashadonewithAdahIsaacsMenken,anAmericanactressthenattheheightofhercareerandlessthanhalfhisage.Twentieth-centuryscholarshavefoundthatDumasfatheredanotherthreenaturalchildren.
Earlylife
DumasDavydelaPailleterie(laterknownasAlexandreDumas)wasborninVillers-CotterêtsinthedepartmentofAisne,inPicardy,France.Hehadanoldersister,Marie-Alexandrine(b.before1798).TheirfatherwasThomas-AlexandreDumas,bornintheFrenchcolonyofSaint-Domingue(nowHaiti),themixed-racesonofthemarquisAlexandre-AntoineDavydelaPailleterie,aFrenchnoblemanandgénéralcommissaireintheartilleryofthecolony,andMarie-CessetteDumas,aslavewhowasofAfro-Caribbeanancestry.ItisnotknownwhethershewasborninSaint-DomingueorinAfrica(althoughthefactthatshehadaFrenchsurnameprobablymeansthatshewasCreole),norisitknownfromwhichAfricanpeopleherancestorscame.BroughtbacktoFrancebyhisfather,Thomas-Alexandrewaseducatedinamilitaryschoolandjoinedthearmyasayoungman.HemarriedMarie-LouiseÉlisabethLabouret,thedaughterofaninnkeeper.Hetookhismother'sname,Dumas,afterabreakwithhisfather.Thomas-Alexandrewaspromotedtogeneralbytheageof31,thefirstofAfro-AntillesorigintoreachthatrankintheFrencharmy.HeservedwithdistinctionintheFrenchRevolutionaryWars.AlthoughageneralunderBonaparteintheItalianandEgyptiancampaigns,Thomas-Alexandrehadfallenoutoffavorby1800andrequestedleavetoreturntoFrance.Onhisreturn,hisshiphadtoputintoSicily,whereheandotherswereheldasprisonersofwar.Duringhistwo-yearimprisonment,hishealthwasruined.AtthetimeofAlexandre'sbirth,hisfatherwasimpoverished.
Thefatherdiedofcancerin1806whenAlexandrewasfour.Hiswidowedmothercouldnotprovidehersonwithmuchofaneducation,butDumasreadeverythinghecould.Hismother'sstoriesofhisfather'sbraveryduringthecampaignsoftheRevolutionaryWarsinspiredtheboy'svividimagination.Althoughpoor,thefamilyhadtheirfather'sdistinguishedreputationandaristocraticrank.In1822,aftertherestorationofthemonarchy,20-yearoldAlexandremovedtoParis.HeacquiredapositionatthePalaisRoyalintheofficeofLouis-Philippe,DukeofOrléans.
Career
WhileworkingforLouis-Philippe,Dumasbeganwritingarticlesformagazinesandplaysforthetheatre.Asanadult,heusedhisslavegrandmother'ssurnameofDumas,ashisfatherhadasanadult.Hisfirstplay,HenryIIIandHisCourts,producedin1829whenhewas27yearsold,metwithacclaim.ThenextyearhissecondplayChristinewasequallypopular.Thesesuccessesgavehimsufficientincometowritefull-time.
In1830DumasparticipatedintheRevolutionthatoustedCharlesXandreplacedhimonthethronewiththeDukeofOrléans.Dumas'formeremployer,heruledasLouis-Philippe,theCitizenKing.Untilthemid-1830s,lifeinFranceremainedunsettled,withsporadicriotsbydisgruntledRepublicansandimpoverishedurbanworkersseekingchange.Aslifeslowlyreturnedtonormal,thenationbegantoindustrialize.Animprovingeconomy—combinedwiththeendofpresscensorship—madethetimesrewardingforAlexandreDumas'literaryskills.
Afterwritingadditionalsuccessfulplays,Dumasswitchedtowritingnovels.Althoughattractedtoanextravagantlifestyleandalwaysspendingmorethanheearned,Dumasprovedtobeanastutemarketer.Asnewspaperswerepublishingmanyserialnovels,in1838Dumasrewroteoneofhisplaysashisfirstserialnovel,LeCapitainePaul.Hefoundedaproductionstudio,staffedwithwriterswhoturnedouthundredsofstories,allsubjecttohispersonaldirection,editingandadditions.
From1839to1841,Dumas,withtheassistanceofseveralfriends,compiledCelebratedCrimes,aneight-volumecollectionofessaysonfamouscriminalsandcrimesfromEuropeanhistory.HefeaturedBeatriceCenci,MartinGuerre,CesareandLucreziaBorgia,aswellasmorerecenteventsandcriminals,includingthecasesoftheallegedmurderersKarlLudwigSandandAntoineFrançoisDesrues,whowereexecuted.
DumascollaboratedwithAugustinGrisier,hisfencingmaster,inhis1840novel,TheFencingMaster.ThestoryiswrittenasGrisier'saccountofhowhecametowitnesstheeventsoftheDecembristrevoltinRussia.ThenovelwaseventuallybannedinRussiabyCzarNicholasI,andDumaswasprohibitedfromvisitingthecountryuntilaftertheCzar'sdeath.DumasreferstoGrisierwithgreatrespectinTheCountofMonteCristo,TheCorsicanBrothers,andinhismemoirs.
Dumasdependedonnumerousassistantsandcollaborators,ofwhomAugusteMaquetwasthebestknown.Itwasnotuntilthelatetwentiethcenturythathisrolewasfullyunderstood.MaquetisknowntohaveoutlinedtheplotofTheCountofMonteCristo,andmadesubstantialcontributionstoTheThreeMusketeersanditssequels,aswellastoseveralofDumas'othernovels.TheirmethodofworkingtogetherwasforMaquettoproposeplotsandwritedrafts.Dumasaddedthedetails,dialogues,andthefinalchapters.MaquettookDumastocourttotrytogetauthorialrecognitionandahigherrateofpaymentforhiswork.Hewassuccessfulingettingmoremoney,butnotabyline.
Dumas'novelsweresopopularthattheyweresoontranslatedintoEnglishandotherlanguages.Hiswritingearnedhimagreatdealofmoney,buthewasfrequentlyinsolvent,ashespentlavishlyonwomenandsumptuousliving.(Hehasbeenfoundtohavehadatotalof40mistresses.)In1846hehadbuiltacountryhouseoutsideParisatPortMarly,thelargeChâteaudeMonte-Cristo,withanadditionalbuildingforhiswritingstudio.Itwasoftenfilledwithstrangersandacquaintanceswhostayedforlengthyvisitsandtookadvantageofhisgenerosity.Twoyearslater,facedwithfinancialdifficulties,hesoldtheentireproperty.
Dumaswroteinawidevarietyofgenresandpublishedatotalof100,000pagesinhislifetime.Hemadeuseofexperience,writingtravelbooksaftertakingjourneys,includingthosemotivatedbyreasonsotherthanpleasure.AfterKingLouis-Philippewasoustedinarevolt,Louis-NapoléonBonapartewaselectedaspresident.AsBonapartedisapprovedoftheauthor,in1851DumasfledtoBrussels,Belgium,whichwasalsoanefforttoescapehiscreditors.HemovedontoRussiaabout1859,whereFrenchwasthesecondlanguageoftheelite,andhiswritingswereenormouslypopular.DumasspenttwoyearsinRussia,beforeleavingtoseekdifferentadventure.HepublishedtravelbooksaboutRussia.
InMarch1861thekingdomofItalywasproclaimed,withVictorEmmanuelIIasitsking.Dumastraveledthereand,forthenextthreeyears,participatedinthemovementforItalianunification.Hefoundedandledanewspaper,Indipendente.ReturningtoParisin1864,hepublishedtravelbooksaboutItaly.
"TheQuadroonChef":
CaricatureofDumasbyAmédéedeNoé,emphasizinghisAfricanheritage
DespiteDumas'aristocraticbackgroundandpersonalsuccess,thewriterhadtodealwithdiscriminationrelatedtohismixed-raceancestry.In1843hewroteashortnovel,Georges,thataddressedsomeoftheissuesofraceandtheeffectsofcolonialism.HisresponsetoamanwhoinsultedhimabouthisAfricanancestryhasbecomefamous.Dumassaid:
Myfatherwasamulatto,mygrandfatherwasaNegro,andmygreat-grandfatheramonkey.Yousee,Sir,myfamilystartswhereyoursends.
Personallife
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