I Stylistic Characteristics of English for Business Contracts.docx
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IStylisticCharacteristicsofEnglishforBusinessContracts
IStylisticCharacteristicsofEnglishforBusinessContracts
Abstract:
Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Thus,itismostimportanttolearncontractEnglishwell.Acontractisanagreementforestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsonanequalfooting,thatis,betweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorothers.Itisalsoavariantoffunctionwithitsspecialusageandregularityoveralongperiodoftimeaccordingtosomelanguagefactors,togetherwiththecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishandlawEnglish.Itisgenerallythoughtthatbusinesscontractbelongstothefrozenstyle,whichisoneofthehighestformaldegreesintheliterarystyle.Thispaperdealswithstylisticcharacteristicsfromtheangleofvocabulary,syntaxandtext.
Keywords:
businesscontract;stylisticcharacteristics;technicalterms
摘要:
随着全球经济的发展,很少有人和公司能完全置身于国际商务之外。
因此,学好合同英语是重中之重。
合同是平等主体的自然人、法人或其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协定。
合同作为双方交易的依据,与一般的文件有着不同之处,并带有法律文件的性质。
它是人们根据社会文化环境、交际目的和交际对象等语用因素,在长期使用中形成的一种具有特殊用途和自身规律的语言功能变体。
它既具有商务英语特点又具有法律英语特点的语言一般而言,商务合同英语属庄重文体,即各种英语中正式程度最高的一种。
本文所论述的是商务合同英语在词汇、句法和篇章等方面所具有的鲜明的文体特征。
关键词:
商务合同;文体特征;专业术语
Contents
Abstract………………………………………………………………………i
摘要…………………………………………………………………………ii
Contents……………………………………………………………………iii
Introduction…………………………………………………………………1
1.VocabularyCharacteristics…………………………………………1
1.1Applicationoftechnicalterms……………………………………2
1.2Applicationofclearlyexpressedwords……………………4
1.3Juxtapositionofwordsandphrases……………………………………5
2.SyntaxCharacteristics………………………………………………7
2.1Moredeclarativesentences……………………………………………7
2.2Morelongsentences……………………………………………………8
2.3Juxtapositionofperiodicsentences,loosesentencesandbalancedsentences………………………………………………………………………9
3.TextCharacteristics………………………………………………10
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………12
Bibliography………………………………………………………………13
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………14
Introduction
Thebusinesscontractisadocumentwithlegalposition,whichissignedinbusinessactivities.Therefore,Englishforbusinesscontractisthelanguagethatisdevelopedandusedinbusinessactivities,onthebasisoftheEnglishlanguagewiththecharacteristicsofbusinessEnglishandlawEnglish.Itisalsoavariantoflanguagefunctionwithitsspecialusageandregularityoveralongperiodoftimeaccordingtosomelanguagefactors.Englishforbusinesscontractisnotthespeciallanguagematerialandprivategrammarsystembutthelanguageareawithspecialuseinbusiness.TheAmericanlinguistMartinJoesoffersthefiveclassificationmethodsoftheregulardegreeoflanguageinhiswritingTheFiveClocksaccordingtosomefactorsthatreflectedtheformaldegreeinlanguageusing.Thatisfrozenstyle,formalstyle,consultativestyle,casualorinformalstyleandintimatestyle.Itisgenerallythoughtthatthebusinesscontractbelongstothefrozenstyle,whichisoneofthehighestformaldegreesintheliterarystyle.Soithastheclearlystylisticcharacteristicsfromtheangleofvocabulary,syntaxandtext.
1.VocabularyCharacteristics
Thebusinesscontractisthereflectionoftheparty’srightandobligationinbusinessactivity.Ithasrestrainingbetweenthetwopartiesandrequirestheaccuratevocabulary,strictmeaning.Wecan’tusethebeautifulwordsandplentifulmodifierlikemetaphor,exaggerateandeuphemism.Therefore,whattheEnglishforbusinesscontractpursueisnottheartoflanguagebuttheexactlyandwelllogical,technicalandstandardexpressionalsotheclaritythought.Soitappearstheobviouslystylisticfeatureinvocabulary.Theuseoftechnicalterms,literarywordsandjuxtaposedwordsinBusiness.
1.1Applicationoftechnicalterms
Thetechnicaltermshavethefeatureofinternationalgenerallyuse,accuratemeaning,claritystylisticcharacteristic,havenoprivateaffection.Inordertodescribethevarietydocumentsofeachdealingstepwithinbusinessactivity,theEnglishforbusinesscontractusedagreatdealofclearlyexpressedtechnicaltermsofbusiness.Forexample:
WithinthevalidityperiodofContract,Licenseeshallnotdiscloseordivulgeknow-howtoanythirdpartywithoutpriorwrittenconsentofLicensor.
Themeaningofknow-howisveryaccurate,especiallymeansallthetechnicalinformation,design,technicalspecification,productionprocessandotherinformationoftheproduction,theusageandthesalesoftheconcerningproducts,itcan’tconfusewithotherphrases.[3]
Atthesametime,inordertodescribethebothparties’rightandobligationinbusinesstrading,besidesthetechnicaltermsofbusinessalsousedthetechnicaltermsoflaw.Thelawtermsincludethecommonphrasesinlaw.Suchas:
action(lawsuitwhichreferstoalegalproceedinginstitutedbyonepartyagainstanother),party(apersonorgroupinvolvedinalegalproceeding),decision,finaletc.Forexample:
Incasesoflossescausedbyabreachofcontract,thefinancialresponsibilityshallbebornebythepartywhohasbreachedthecontract.
“Theeconomicresponsibility”inlawistheresponsibilityofbreakingone’spromise,especiallymeansthe“compensatingloss”,“payingpenalty”and“payingtheinterestofmoney”,thisprofessionalphraseshavethefeatureoflaw.Anotherexample:
Inprocessingtransactions,themanufacturersneverhavetitleeithertothematerialsortothefinishedproducts.
AccordingtotheAmericanHeritageStudent'sDictionary,theword"title"(ownership)inthesentencemeansthelegalrightorclaimtoownershiporpossession,itisclearthatthewords“title”belongstothelawandisentirelydifferentwithitsgeneralmeaning.[8]
Thenlookatanexampleofthecontractaboutarbitrationandtheitalicpartsarethegenerallytechnicalterms,fromthatwecanseethecharacteristicoftechnicaltermsinEnglishforbusinesscontracts.
AlldisputesinconnectionwiththisContractortheexecutionthereofshallbesettledfriendlythroughnegotiations.Wherenosettlementcanbereachedthedisputesshallbesubmittedforarbitration.IftheSellersaretheplaintiffsthearbitrationshalltakeplaceinStockholm.Eachpartyshallappointanarbitratorwithin30daysafterreceiptofnotificationfromtheoppositepartyandthetwoArbitratorsthusappointedshalljointlynominateathirdpersonasumpiretoformanArbitrationCommittee.ThesaidumpireshallbeconfinedtothecitizensofSwedishnationality.IftheBuyersaretheplaintiffthearbitrationshalltakeplaceinBeijingandbeconductedbyetheArbitrationCommitteeoftheChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTradeinaccordancewiththeprovisionalRuleofProcedurespromulgatedbythesaidArbitrationCommittee.ThedecisionoftheArbitrationCommitteeshallbeacceptedasfinalandbindingonbothparties.Neitherpartyshallseekrecoursetoalawcourtorotherauthoritiestoappealforrevisionofthedecision.Arbitrationexpensesshallbebornebythelosingparty.[3]
FromtheabovesentencewecanseethattheuseofvocabularyinEnglishforbusinesscontractsishighlyprofessional.
1.2Applicationofclearlyexpressedwords
TheEnglishforbusinesscontractsshouldhavetheclearlystylisticcharacteristic,havenoprivateaffection.Inordertodescribethevarietydocumentsofeachdealingstepwithinbusinessactivity.TheEnglishforbusinesscontractsusuallyusetheLatinatewordsinsteadofsomeEnglishvocabularieswiththesamemeaning,whichistheliterarywordsorlearnedwords,whicharetheso-calledbigwords.Forexample:
TheAgreementshallcommenceonthisdayandautomaticallyterminateuponthebankruptcyorinsolvencyofeitherofthepartieshereto.(Usethewordscommenceandterminateinsteadofthewordsbeginsandend).
Inaddition,inordertoreflectitsformallyandstrictlystylecharacteristic,theEnglishforbusinesscontractusedsomecomplicatedprepositionphrasestoreplacethesimpleprepositionsandconjunctions.Forexample:
Theparticipantsinthejointventureshallcommencediscussionwithregardtotheextensionoftheperiodofexistenceoftheventureandintheeventoftheiragreeinguponsuchextension,theyshallrecordsuchagreementinawrittendocumentsignedbyallofthemnotlaterthanthreeyearspriortotheexpiryofthecurrentperiod.(Usethephraseswithregardto,intheeventofandpriortotoreplacethewordsabout,incaseofandbefore).[5]
Therefore,tounderstandthedifferencebetweenthespeechwordsandliterarywordsinliterarystylecanhelpustorealistthepropertyoflanguageintercourse.
1.3Juxtapositionofwordsandphrases
Inbusinesscontractssomewordsandphrasesarejuxtaposed,i.e.,synonym,oppositesandrelatedwordsandphrasesareconnectedwith“and”or“or”.Thefollowingthreeformsarecommonlyusedinbusinesscontracts.
Thefirstformisjuxtaposingwiththesynonymwords.Forexample:
Thepartiesmay,throughconsultation,makeamendmentstoandrevisionofthiscontractasandwhentheneedarises.
EachpartytothisAgreementshallfulfillorperformanyoftheobligationsunderthisAgreement.
Thepartiesheretoagreetokeepsecretandconfidentialallinformationfurnishedandprovidedtothembytheotherparty.
ThisAgreementandanyrightsorobligationshereunderarenottransferableorassignablebyonepartytothisagreementwithouttheconsentoftheotherpartyhereto.
ThepartieshaveagreedtovarytheManagementAgreementonthetermsandsubjecttotheconditionscontainedherein.
Somemoreexamplesofsynonymjuxtaposition:
forandinconsiderationof,covenantsora
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