英语论文论英语典故与习语的来源与翻.docx
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英语论文论英语典故与习语的来源与翻.docx
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英语论文论英语典故与习语的来源与翻
论英语典故与习语的来源与翻译
[Abstract]Idiomsarefixedphrasesthatgothroughthetestofhistoryandcannotbetreatedseparately.Inordertobeloyaltotheoriginaltext,thetranslationofEnglishidiomsshouldnotonlykeeptheoriginaltasteofthesource,butalsomeetthestandardsofwriting,especiallyformythologyandallusion.BecauseEnglishidiomshavemanifestedandabsorbedthedifferentnationalcultureofancientGreek,ancientRome,andNorthernEurope,itismoretypicalandrepresentativethanotherformsoflanguageonreflectingtheculturaldiversity.Domesticationandforeignizationaretwomainmethodsoftranslation.Andtherearesomeconcretetranslationskillsasfollows:
1.Literaltranslation2.Freetranslation3.Borrowing4.Literaltranslationwithannotation.Inthetrendofculturalglobalization,cultureamongvariousnationalitiespermeateandsticktogethermutually.Andthereaders’abilitytoacceptthenewculturalimageryhasimproveddaybyday.Thereforesolongasnottoaffecttheunderstandingofsourcelanguage,theauthoradvocatestranslatingEnglishidiomsdirectlyasfaraspossibletocarryontheculture,whichpromotestheexchangeandfusionofcultureallovertheworld.
[KeyWords]idioms;allusion;translationmethods
【摘要】习语是指那些经受了历史的长期考验,千锤百炼而形成的固定词组。
为了忠于原文,习语翻译既要保持源语的原汁原味,也要符合译入语语言文字的需求。
尤其在翻译习语中的神话典故时更应注意以下三点1.译入语结构的平衡2.译出源语的民族特色和地域色彩3.尽可能保留源语的形象。
因为英语习语吸收了众多来自古希腊,古罗马,北欧古代神话等欧洲各民族的文化精髓,所以在体现语言的文化差异方面,习语比其他语言成分更具有典型性和代表性。
基本的英语翻译方法有归化和异化,具体体现如下:
直译法,意译法,借用法,直译加注。
在当前文化全球化的时代背景下,各民族间的文化相互渗透和融合的趋势愈来愈强。
人们对于外来文化、异国情调的包容、接纳以至欣赏能力也日渐提高。
因此,作者认为只要在不影响译语读者理解的前提下,应提倡尽量以文化直入模式进行习语翻译,以促进世界文化的交流与融合。
【关键词】习语;神话典故;翻译方法
1.Introduction
WhenopeningOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish,onecanseesuchanentry:
“Idiom(n.)Phraseorsentencewhosemeaningisnotclearfromthemeaningofitsindividualwordsandwhichmustbelearntasawholeunit.”[1]AndEnglishtranslationtheoreticianPeterNewmarkalsosaid:
“Anidiomisacurrentandfrequentlyusedgroupofwordswhosemeaningisnotclearfromthecommonmeaningsofitsconstituentwords”.[2]Inbrief,idiomsarefixedphrasesthatgothroughthetestofhistoryandcannotbeseparated.Sothewholemeaningusuallycannotbesurmisedintranslationandthecomponentsmustnotbeseparatedatone’sease.
2.Background
Englishasaninternationallanguage,itsusageiswide-ranging.ManycountrieschooseEnglishastheirofficiallanguage.Whatismore,sixtypercentofbroadcastingintheworlduseEnglishtopropagatetheirinformation.Ofcourse,therearemanyidiomsinEnglishandpartsofthemareloanwords.ThefeaturesofassimilatingloanwordsinEnglishareevident.Ontheonehand,itbelongstoGermaniclanguagefamilythatenablesittotakepossessionofthecommonwordsinGermaniclanguage.Ontheotherhand,EnglishkeepsintouchwithFrenchandRomanlanguagefamilycloselyforalongtime.TheancientGreekmythologies,RomanmythsandfairytalesofnorthernEuropearethepubliclyownedwealthofEuropeannations.TheyhavedeepinfluenceondevelopmentofwholeEuropeancultureinwhichmanystoriesprovidesourcematerialsforEnglishidioms.Therefore,EnglishidiomstakeinanywordthatcanrepresentthemainEuropeanculture.Anditismoretypicalandrepresentativethanothersinreflectingtheculturaldiversity.JustlikeBaconsaid:
Talent,quick-wittedandspiritinanationcanallbefoundinitsidioms.[3]
2.1ThesourcesofEnglishidioms
Aseveryoneknows,idiomscomefromdifferentaspects:
differentlivingenvironments;everydaylife;religion;historicalevents;literaryworksandmythologyandallusion.
2.1.1Idiomsfromdifferentlivingenvironments
Idiomsarecloselyrelatedtopeople’slaborandlife,becausepeopleinaparticularcultureneedwordstonameandexplainobjectsandappearancepresentinthatculture.TheHanPeople,liveonland,andbelongtoanagrariansocietythatplacesagriculturalproductionatthetopofthenationalagenda.Duringthelonghistoryoffarming,theChineselanguagehasaccumulatedlargenumbersoffarmers’idiomslike瑞雪兆丰年(atimesnowpromisesagoodharvest),五谷丰登(abundantharvestofallfoodcrops).WhileBritishliveinanislandcountry,probablyhaveidiomsaboutwaterandsailing.Forexample,wespeak挥金如土inChinese,butweshouldrenderitintoEnglishas“spendmoneylikewater”.Andtherearesimilarexamplesasfollows:
“tokeepone’sheadaboutwater”(奋力图存),“infullsail”(全力以赴),“towerone’ssail”(甘拜下风).
Whatismore,therecomedifferentspecialproductsdeterminedbythedifferentgeographicalsurroundings.Forexample,“likemushrooms”and“springuplikemushrooms”inEnglish,means像蘑菇一样,and雨后春笋般地涌现inChinese.Bothofthemhavethesamemeaningofthegreatdevelopmentofathing,buttheyusetheirrespectivethingstoformthemetaphor,becauseChinaaboundswithbamboo,whereasitdoesnotgrowinEngland.SotheChinesepeoplearequitefamiliarwithbamboo;whiletheEnglishdon’t.Thiscaseisquitethesamewiththeidiom“plentiful
asblackberries”,forblackberriesareeasilyavailableinEnglandwhileinChinese,多如牛毛isused,forcattlecanbefoundeverywhereinChina.
2.1.2Idiomsfromeverydaylife
Entertainmentandactivities,whicharepartsofnationalculture,arequitedifferentinvariouscountries.Horseracing,boxingandcricketareancientandtraditionalsportsinEngland,soinEnglish,thereareidiomslike“neckandneck”(不分上下),“downandout”(倒下出局),“notcricket”(不讲信用),and“straightfromtheshoulder”(直截了当),and“haveagoodinnings”(一帆风顺);whereastheancientChinesepreferredhuntingandchess:
棋逢对手(diamondcutdiamond),剑拔弩张(atdaggersdrawn),明枪易躲,暗箭难防(Falsefriendsareworsethanopenenemies).Therearesomeaspectsineverydaylifeinthefollowing.
(ⅰ)Idiomsfromfood
InEngland,breadisusuallyeatentogetherwithbutter,andsalt,milkandcreamaretheireverydaydiet.Allofthemaretheeverydaydietforwesternpeopleandthusappear“Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk”(不要做无谓的后悔),“baker’sdozen”(面包师的第十三个面包),and“polishtheapple”(拍马屁);ChinahasalonghistoryofcookingandtheChineseareknownasthemostcritical,forwhoattachgreaterimportancetofoodthananyotherpeople,asisreflectedinthesayinglike:
画饼充饥(todrawcakestoallayhunger)
(ⅱ)Idiomsfromsea
BothintheChineseandtheEnglishlanguages,idiomsabouttheseaarenumerous,becausebothofthesetwocountriesaresurroundedandhalf-surroundedbysea,andtheyarerichinnaturalresourcesoffish.Fishingplaysavitalroleintheireconomy,soalargenumberofidiomsconcerningfisharehandeddown:
“Fishbeginstostinkatthehead”(上梁不正下梁歪),“Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim”(不要班门弄斧),and“tofishintroubledwater”(浑水摸鱼).
(ⅲ)Idiomsfrommilitaryaffairs
Thehistoryofmankindisalmostthehistoryofwar,whichisthesourceofnumerousidioms.TheChinesenationhasalonghistoryofwarformorethantwothousandyears,andthereforetheChineselanguageisrichinsuchidioms:
项庄舞剑,意在沛公(XiangZhuangperformedthesworddanceasacoverforhisattemptonLiuBang’slife.---actwithahiddenmotive);四面楚歌(beindesperatestraits);暗度陈仓(tostealamarchon).AnditisalsomirroredinthefollowingEnglishidioms:
“WhatmillionsdiedthatCaesarmightbegreat”(一将功成万骨枯);“Meetone’sWaterloo”(遭遇惨败);“Pyrrhicvictory”(得不偿失的胜利);andgentleman’sagreement(君子协定).
2.1.3Idiomsfromreligion
Religionisanimportantsourceforidioms.Itisasocialphenomenonandmainlyacodeofethicsgoverningpersonalandsocialconduct.Comparativelyspeaking,BuddhismhasgreaterinfluenceinChineseculturealthoughChinaisamulti-religiouscountry.ItwasfirstintroducedintoChinainthefirstcenturyAD,andhasshapedtheChineselanguage,diet,arts,etc.,andgreatlystimulatedthedevelopmentofChineseliterature.ThelargenumberofwordsandidiomsderivedfromBuddhismisoneofthemanifestationsofitsinfluence,suchas放下屠刀,立地成佛(AbutcherbecomesaBuddhathemomenthedropshiscleaver---awrongdoerachievessalvationassoonashegivesupevil)and做一天和尚,撞一天钟(takeapassiveattitudetowardone’swork).AndtherearequiteafewEnglishidiomsfromreligion.Suchas:
Benjamin’smess(最大的份额);
raiseCain(大吵大闹);appleofSodom(金玉其外,败絮其中);soptoCerberus(贿赂);handwritingonthewall(不祥之兆)andsoon.
2.1.4Idiomsfromhistoricalevents
Inmostlanguage,peopleembellishtheirspeechorwritingwithreferencestocharactersoreventsfromtheirhistory,thatistosay,idiomaticexpressionsarecloselyrelatedtoacountry’shistory.TherearealotofidiomsintheChineselanguagecannotfindanequivalentintheEnglishlanguagebecausethehistoryofthetwocountriesarequitedifferent.Manyidiomsarefromtheirownhistory.TheEnglishlanguagehasmuchlessidiomsfromhistoricaleventsthantheChineselanguagebecauseEnglishjusthasahistoryofmorethanonethousandyearsduringwhichlessimportanthistoricaleventshappened.Forexample,“tomeetone’sWaterloo”(遭遇滑铁卢)isfromthedefeatofNapoleonatWaterlooin1815,whichmeanstobecompletelydefeated.
2.1.5Idiomsfromliteraryworks
LiteraryworksarealsooneofthemainsourcesofEnglishidioms.InEnglishliterature,themostglitteringstarisShakespeare.Hisdramasarethemajorsourceofthiskindidioms:
“toclaimone’spoundofflesh”(割某人的一磅肉)isfromTheMerchantofVenice;“makeassurancedoublysure”(加倍小心)comesfromMacbeth.Andthereareotherexamples:
“Readingmakesafullman,conferenceareadyman,writinganexactman”---BaconOnStudy;“theuglyducking”(丑小鸭)isfromHanAnderson’stales;“JekyllandHyde”(双重性格)originatesfromStevenson’sTheStrangecase
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