剪枝法解高考英语.docx
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剪枝法解高考英语.docx
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剪枝法解高考英语
高考英语辅导讲义
(剪枝法)
2016年7月
英语阅读方法之剪枝法
一、剪掉“介词+名词”
众所周知,任何一句话都分“主要要素”和“细节要素”。
什么是主要要素呢?
什么是次要要素呢?
主要要素:
细节要素:
细节要素一般以“介词+名词”的形式体现出来。
因此解读一个句子的时候,把介词短语部分删除后再进行阅读的话,就能轻而易举地掌握句子的核心内容。
(1)“基本介词+名词”剪枝
Englishisimportantinlife,becausepeoplecangetahighersalarywithEnglishskill.
ThestreetsofNewYorkarefilledwithforeigntouristsinthesummer.
Ienjoyshoppingwithmyfriendsatamallnearourneighborhood.
ThenameofthebuildingonFifthAvenueisTrumpTower.
Heplacedthepaintingagainstawallofthegallery.
Adepartmentstoreinourtownwillbetorndownbyworkersintwoweeks.
Thereisabookcaféwithacoolinterioronthecornerofthenextblock.
(2)“需要注意的介词+名词”剪枝
什么是需要注意的介词呢?
Peoplelovebrand-nameitemssuchasthosebyGucciandNikebecauseoftheirstylishdesign.
Likeunlike
Despiteincluding
Regardingbecauseof
Duetoinadditionto
Accordingtosuchas
Inregardtowithregardto
Regardlessofinspiteof
Astooutof
Alongwithas
Since
KevinhastraveledtomanycountriesincludingFrance,Italy,andGreece.
UnliketheSouthKoreans,theJapanesestudentsinthisclassareshy.
Regardlessoftheirage,manypeopledreamaboutromance.
ThishotelroominLasVegascostsfourhundreddollars,includingtax.
ParentsinSouthKoreaoftensendtheirchildrentoothercountriestotakelanguagecoursesdespitethehighcosts.
Smallinsectslikespiderscanbedangerous.
(3)“介词+名词扩充”剪枝
Isawamoviewithmyclosefriend,Ichosethemovie《国家代表》amongmanymoviesinculding《海云台》,Themoviewasmyfavoriteofalltime.
Hekissedawomanwithverylonghair.
Hollywoodcelebritiesliveinluxuriousmansions.
Switzerlandissurroundedbymuchstrongercountries.
Moviesconveymessagesinmanydifferentways.
Beyoncewastheleadmemberofaverypopularfemalegroup.
Despitethehorriblyshockingnews,everyonedidtheirbest.
(4)“介词+代词”剪枝
AfterourtriptoLondon,weknewourtruefeelingsabouteachother,Loveisdifficulttome.
KingKongmetagirlwithblondehair.
Jeremyintroducedafriendofhistohisparents.
Vanillamuffinsweredistributedforfreetopeopleintheparade.
Thegirlwiththewhitehatisafriendofmine.
Themenwithblacksunglassesknoweverythingaboutus.
(5)“介词+动名词”剪枝
Ihaddifficultyinparking,butmyboyfriendhelpedmebygivingmesomeadvice.
YoucanimproveyourEnglishbyreadingmanybooksinEnglish.
Thedirectoriscommittedtomakinganawesomemovieonatightbudget.
Mostpeopleareveryinterestedinmakinglotsofmoney.
Thegirlwasinshockafterseeingascaryghost.
Thisjobisdifferentfromwritinganovel.
Duringthebusridetothemall,hefocusedhisattentiononsolvingmathproblems.
(6)“介词+名词性从句”剪枝
It’snowonderthatyoudon’tunderstandher.Therearedifferencesinhowmenandwomentalk.
Theboyremembersnothingaboutwherehewasborn.
Touristsarecuriousaboutwhenthecastlewasbuilt.
Singaporeisinterestedinhowitcanluremoretourists.
IhaveaquestionaboutwhypeopleloveNikesneakers.
HarryPotterwasworriedaboutwhetherhecouldwintheQuidditchgame.
Thereisadifferenceinhoweachofthemfeels.
二、剪掉“副词”的修饰
句子“谁,做了,什么”中,是由“主语+谓语动词+宾语”这样的核心要素体现出来的,如果想附加或强调一些内容,就要用副词。
使用副词,意思能更详细,但要快速掌握文章的核心内容,就没有必要度副词。
(1)“以-ly结尾的副词”剪枝
IreallyloveLeeHyoRi.SheisthehottestwomanamongallSouthKoreansingers.Idesperatelywanttoseeherinconcert.
Thewomaninblackwalkedslowlytowardme.
Thehouseonthehillisuniquelyshaped.
MichaelPhelpsswimsreallyfast.
Suddenlythemanstoodupinthemovietheather.
Accidentally,shebecamedeeplyinvolvedinadangerousCIAmission
AntoniGaudicreatedmanyuniquearchitecturalworks,primarilyinSpain.
(2)“时间副词/需要注意的副词”剪枝
除了“形容词+ly”形式的副词外,还有很多形式的副词。
这类副词也是作为附加的信息加入句子中的,所以给这些词剪枝对提高阅读速度有帮助。
表示时间的副词:
yesterday,tomorrow,tonight,today,yet,already
表示程度的副词:
very,much,quite,pretty,ever,so
表示频度的副词:
sometimes,usually,often,always
也作形容词使用的副词:
hard,late,early,fast
但要注意,副词中有一些是不能剪枝的,seldom,never等具有否定意思的副词,连接副词however等表示转折意义的副词,如果剪枝,句子的意思就会歪曲。
Mybossisprettypicky,Everyoneinmyofficehateshimverymuch.
Hegavemeagorgeouspresentthismorning.
Isellmyoldstuffatafleamarketeverymorning.
Hecalledheronceyesterday
Themanwasstillfrozenwithfear.
Thismathproblemisquitedifficultforme.
Mymotheralwaysgetsupearlytopreparebreakfast.
三、剪掉“动词不定式,现在分词,过去分词”的修饰
句子中主语和宾语应该用名词。
如果想更生动地描述这些名词,其后可以接修饰三兄弟动词不定式(to),现在分词(ing)和过去分词(ed)。
修饰名词的三兄弟剪枝后,句子的核心就显露出来。
(1)名词后“动名词”剪枝
IhavenoboyfriendtomeetandnomoneytospendovertheChristmasholiday
Disneylandisanidealplacetovisitonavacation
Hollywoodactionmoviesarefuntowatchontheweekend.
Parisisawonderfulcitytogoshoppingwithyourfriends.
Shestudiedabroadtobroadenherhorizons.
ManystudentsgoabroadtoimprovedtheirEnglish.
Youshouldtryscubadivingtoenjoytheunderwaterbeauty.
(2)名词后“现在分词”剪枝
Ihaveamentorgivingyouadvice.Ifeelluckytohaveamentorinmylife.
Therearemanyjobseekerslookingforagoodposition.
SomepeoplestudyingEnglishinCanadacanenjoybeautifulsceneryeveryday.
Shewastheonewinningfirstprizeatverybeautypageant.
Supermodelswearinggorgeousoutfitsoftenadornwomen’smagazinecovers.
YouwillseemanyexchangestudentsstudyingatUCLA.
TherewereseveralpolicedepartmentsinvestigatingMichaelJackson’sdeath.
(3)名词后“过去分词”剪枝
Starcraftisapopulargamelovedbymanypeople.ThereisevenagamechannelonTVfeaturingonlinebattles.
StarcraftisapopulargamedevelopedbyBlizzardEntertainment.
Secretisabestsellerlovedbyreadersinmanycountries.
Sheknowsofaprivateplacehiddenamongthetress.
Babiesoftenhavefeelingssharedbytheirmothers.
ThemoviewastheoriginalonemadeinFrance.
HeisthemostfamousSouthKoreanpoetknowninEurope.
四、剪掉“关系词+主语+动词”的修饰
名词后不仅能接动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词,还能接“关系词+从句”。
“关系词+从句”也是为了修饰或者限定前面的名词。
“关系词+从句”就像侍女一样紧随着名词,是表明附加信息的“侍女从句”,因此阅读的时候可以先剪掉在阅读。
(1)表示人的名词后“who/whose/whom/that…”剪枝
Themanwhoiswearingablackshirtlikesthegirlwhohaslonghair.
HelikesstudentswhostudyEnglishhard.
Igotmarriedtoaguywhoisveryintelligent.
Shewantsafriendwhomshecantrust.
Heknowssomebodywhosehobbyisplayinggolf.
Wesawamanthatpeopleadmire.
ParisHiltonisawomanwhohasmanycritics.
(2)表示物的名词后“which/whose(+ofwhich)/that…”剪枝
MostpeoplelikeGoogle,whichprovidesmuchinformation.
Peopleneedinformationfortheirlives,sopeoplelikeGoogle,whichprovidesmuchinformation.
Thatisabookwhichisshocking.
Sheneedsadictionarywhichiseasytocarry.
Londonisacitywhichtouristslove.
Iwantahousewhosewindowsareverylarge.
Ababyneedsatoythathecanhold.
ThewebsiteGoogleoffersmanyhelpfulserviceswhichpeoplelike.
(3)名词后“介词+关系代词/where/when/why…”剪枝
Iknowagreatcaféwherewecanwatchmovies.Let’sgotothatcafé.
Iliketoavoidplaceswheremanypeoplegather.
TheroomwhereIliveisverysmall.
Istilldon’tknowthereasonwhyheisangryatme.
Rememberthedaywhenyouhavetoseeyourprofessor.
Thedepartmentstorewheremanytouristsshophasalovelycafé.
Thereasonwhyweneedhimisbeingkeptasecret.
五、剪掉“连词+主语+动词”的修饰
主语和谓语在句子中只出现一次,称为“简单句”,主语和谓语出现两次,称为“复合句”。
简单句只含有一个句子,未免有些单调,所以可以用“主句+状语从句”来使句子内容丰富些,但句子的核心内容仍在主句中。
因此,可以剪枝状语从句。
(1)“基本连词+主语+谓语”剪枝
AlthoughMr.Beanisnothandsome,manypeopleintheworldstilllovehim.
Ashewasthebestdresser,hewonthecontest.
BecauseVancouverhasgreatsummerweather,manytouristvisitthecity.
AlthoughHongKongisstunning,theweatheristoohotforme.
Youcancallmeifyouareinanemergency.
Eventhoughthatmanisprettyyoung,heismorematurethanmanyadult.
SinceStarcraftisacomplicatedgame,youneedtopracticealot.
(2)“需要注意的连词+主语+谓语”剪枝
时间:
bythetime,assoonas
条件:
aslongas,incase,providedthat
原因:
nowthat
状语从句中常出现的连词:
inthat,sothat
Bythetimeyoureadthisletter,IwillbeinAmerica.IwillstudyEnglishthere.
Assoonashegotup,hebrewedacupofcoffee.
Incaseyouloseyourwallet,makeaphotocopyofyourdriver’slicense.
NowthatI’velivedinthiscityawhile,Iknowsomegoodrestaurants.
IloveSeoulinthattherearesomanyrestaurantstochoosefrom.
Iwillstandbyyoursideaslongasyouarealive.
六、剪掉“逗号周围的四种形式”的修饰
逗号周围会有很多附加信息,一般也可以先剪枝。
(1)“现在分词”剪枝
LivingintheUK,Imadesomegoodfriends.IimprovedmyEnglish,talkingwiththemeveryday.
Livinginaforeigncountry,Ioftenmissmyhomecountry.
Afterwatchingtheshow,Iwasinspiredbythemusic.
Thoughmajoringinchemistry,Icontinuetolovearthistory.
Payingtheoverchargedbill,Ifeltlikepunchingsomebody.
StudyingwhatIhavetoteachtomorrow,Iwasunderpressure.
Readingatravelmagazine,Idreamofalifeofadventure.
(2)“过去分词”剪枝
Ihadaninterviewyesterday.AskedaquestioninEnglish,Iwasnervous.
Leftaloneinmysmallapartment,Ifeltabandoned.
Questionedbysomanyreporters,theCEOfeltpressuredtoexplain.
Thoughstudiedthoroughly,themummydidnotgiveanycluesaboutitsorigin.
Locatedinthecenterofthecity,thechurchwasacommunitylandmark.
Whenopenedbythebombexpert,thepackageexploded.
Surroundedbygorgeousguys,Iwasontopoftheworld.
(3)“动词不定式(to+动词原形)”剪枝
Hereisanimportanttipformenwhodon’thaveagirlfriend.Toattractagirl,youneedtosupporther.
Tokeepmylifeinteresting,Itravelveryoften.
Toearnmoney,peopleoftenworkhard.
Tosolvethatproblem,studentsneedtothink.
ToseethepopstarRain,Ipaidafortuneforaconcertticket.
Inordertogobungeejumping,youneedtobedaring.
Tofulfillyourdreams,youshouldalwaysdoyourbest.
(4)“主
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