Influencing Factors Study on Elderly Employment Status.docx
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Influencing Factors Study on Elderly Employment Status.docx
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InfluencingFactorsStudyonElderlyEmploymentStatus
InfluencingFactorsStudyonElderlyEmploymentStatus
GONGXiuyun[a],*
[a]DepartmentofLaborRelationsandHumanResources,BeijingWuziUniversity,Beijing,China.
*Correspondingauthor.
Received2November2014;accepted28December2014
Publishedonline26January2015
Abstract
Theelderlyemploymentisanimportantinfluenceonoldpeoplelifeandthework.Usingsamplingsurveydataofthe16boroughsofBeijing,thispaperanalysestheelderlyemploymentinfluencingfactor.Throughthecrosstableitdescribesthebasicfeaturesoftheemploymentoftheelderly,thentestssignificanceofeachfactorbythemulti-variablelogisticregression,findingage,gender,healthstatusandpensionaresignificantvariables,thenumberofchildren,educationallevelofre-employmentarenotsignificantvariables.
Keyword:
Elderlyemployment;Logisticregressionmodel;Totalpopulation
INTRODUCTION
BeijingisthecapitalofChina,notonlyeconomicdevelopmentrapidlyattheforefrontofthecountry,thedemographictransitionstageisearlierthanthenationwideaveragecondition.Elderlyhasexceeded1/5ofthetotalpopulationinBeijing.Therehavethetotalof13,163,000people,including2,793,000elderlypeople,accountingfor21.2%ofthetotalpopulation,whichisfromthereportofelderlypopulationinformationanddevelopmentsituationofBeijingin2013.
1.ELDERLYPOPULATIONPROFILEINBEIJING
1.1TheProportionTrendofElderlyAccountingfortheTotalPopulationinBeijing
Elderlyisdividedbyagethat60-69yearoldiscalledyoungelderly,approximately70-79yearsoldiscalledmiddleelderlypopulation,agedabove80yearsoldisseniorelderly.AsFigure1showing,inthepast30years,therewererapidgrowthinthenumberofelderlypopulation.Therewasagrowthof4.47%foryoungagedpeoplefrom5.2%to9.94%andagrowthof4.26%formiddleagedpeoplefrom2.7%to6.96%,anincreaseof2.4%forseniorelderlyfrom0.62%to3.02%.Theyoung-middleelderlypeopleaccountfor85%aroundofthetotalnumberofelderlypeople.
1.2HealthConditionofElderly
Itshowsthat70%ofelderlyhavegoodphysicalcondition,30%oftheelderlyarepoorfromthesixthcensusdata.Generallyspeaking,thehealthofagedpeopleisingoodconditionandtheincreasinglongevityinBeijing.
1.3EducationLevelofElderly
Figure1
TheProportionTrendofElderlyAccountingfortheTotalPopulationinBeijing Note.Sources:
Thethird,four,five,sixpopulationcensusdataconsolidation.
Figure2
HealthConditionofElderly
AsFigure3showing,theeducationleveloftheelderlyinBeijingishigherthanthatofthenationwide.Elderlywithhighschoolare3.98%higherthannationwide,elderlywithcollegeeducationare1.94%higherthannationwide,elderlywithundergraduateare8.33%higherthannationwide,elderlywithgraduateare0.31%higherthannationwide.
1.4ProfessionStatusofElderly
Theindustrystatusofelderlypeoplehaschangedinthepast30years.Therewaslargedeclineforthepersoninchargeoftheunit,professionalandtechnicalpersonnel,andequipmentoperators,butbusinessandservicepersonnelandothershaveincreased,agriculture,animalhusbandryandfisheryhavealittlechange.
Figure3
EducationLevelofElderly
Figure4
ProfessionStatusofElderly
A―thepersoninchargeoftheuni,B―professionalandtechnicalpersonnel,C―businessandservicepersonnel,D―theclerk,E―agriculture,animalhusbandryandfishery,F―equipmentoperators,G―others.
2.ANALYSISOFINFLUENCEFACTORSOFYOUNG-MIDDLE-ELDERLYEMPLOYMENTINBEIJING
Inordertounderstandthecurrentsituationofyoung-middle-elderlyemployment,theauthororganizedundergraduatetoinvestigationandresearchin16districtsofBeijing(Dongcheng,Xicheng,Haidian,Chaoyang,Fengtai,Shijingshan,Tongzhou,Fangshan,Changping,TaiHing,Yanqing,Shunyi,Mentougou,Huairou,Miyun,Pinggu)inthesummerof2013,andreceived1,420validquestionnaire.Usingofstata10,weanalyzedtheinfluencefactorsontheelderlyre-employment.
2.1GenderandEmployment
SeenfromTable1,employmentofmaleelderlyaccountedfor27.36%ofmaleelderlyandemploymentoffemaleelderlyaccountedfor18.96%offemaleelderly,theemploymentproportionofmaleelderlyislargerthanthatoffemaleelderlyThemainreasonisthatthelabormarketprefertomale,houseworkneedfemale,physicalconditionandskillsoffemalearen’tgoodasmale,anotherreasonistheretirementage.Usuallymenretireattheageof60,womenretireattheageof55.Afterthe60yearsold,someofthefemalearenolongerwork;somearebusywithhouseworkinordertosupporttheemploymentofspousesandtakecareofthethirdgeneration.Thusemploymentrateoffemaleisgreatlylowerthanthemale. Table1
GenderandEmployment
FemaleMale
Employed(%)27.3618.96
Notemployed(%)72.6481.04
2.2AgeandEmployment
Theratiowasupto43.55%employmentofelderlyaged60-64,itdroppedto30.21%for65-69oftheelderly'semploymentproportion,andcontinuedtodeclineto18.18%for70-79yearsoldpeople,andtheproportionofemploymentofelderlypeopleovertheageof80was7.32%fromTable2.
Elderlyemploymentwillgraduallyreducewiththeincreaseofage.Chisquaretestp=.000,lessthan.05,whichshowsthattheelderlyemploymentwillhavesignificantdifferencesinage.
Table2
AgeandEmployment
age60-6465-6970-79
employed43.5530.2118.18
notemployed56.4569.7981.82
2.3EducationandEmployment
Educationisdividedintothefivelevelsofilliteracy,primary,junior,high,technicalschoolorhighschool,collegeorabove.Fromtable3wefoundtheratioofelderlyemploymentincreasedwithlevelofeducationincreasinginthecity,andtheproportionofemploymentinthecollegeeducationoftheelderlywashigherthanotherlevelsofeducationofelderlypeople,butproportionofeducationforjuniorandseniorhighschoolwaslowerthantheproportionofeducationdegreeofprimaryschoolemployment,explainingtheeffectofeducationonemploymentwasnotsignificantaftercontrollingtheothervariables,whichneedtoexaminetheinfluenceofeducationlevelonemploymentfortheelderly.
Table3
EducationandEmployment
illiteracyPrimary
schoolJunior
schoolHigh
schoolcollege
Employed(%)13.5827.6823.2818.5232
Notemployed(%)86.4272.3276.7281.4868
2.4HealthandEmployment
ItcanbeseenfromTable4,healthisdividedintopoor,good,general,findingthattheproportionofemploymentwithbadbodywaslowerthantheproportionofemploymentwithgeneralbodyl(19.7%)andgood(32.45%).Asweoftensay“thebodyisthecapitalofrevolution”.Aperson'sbodyismorehealthy,morepositiveandenergeticmentality,hisemploymentdesireisstronger,whichisapositivecorrelationbetweenhealthandemployment.
Table4
HealthandEmployment
PoorGeneralGood
Employed(%)17.2619.7032.45
Notemployed(%)82.7480.3067.55
2.5NumberofChildrenandEmployment
SeenfromTable5,withtheincreaseinthenumberofchildren,theproportionofemploymentoftheelderlywasdownward,economyneedispossibleinterpretationforemploymedelderly.Althoughmostoftheurbanretiredelderlypeoplehavecertainpention,butpartoftheoldpeopleshouldburdenthehugespendingonmarriageexpensesofsonsanddaughtersandimprovelivingconditionsundertherapidgrowthofCPI,stillhavingastrongdesiretocontinuetowork.Theelderlyobtainedmoresupportfromthechildrenwhennumberofchildrenaremore.Fromthesixthcensusdata(seeTable6),supportfromothermembersofthefamilyrankedsecondinthemajorsourceofincomefortheelderly.Ontheotherhand,houseworkburdenisheavywhentheelderlyhavemanychildren,alsolimitingtheemployment. Table5
NumberofChildrenandEmployment
OneTwoThreeFourFive
Employed(%)28.5731.2517.3117.509.09
Notemployed(%)71.4368.7582.6982.5090.91
Table6
TheMajorSourceofLifeoftheElderlyAged65Above
IncomePensionMinimumlivingguaranteePropertyincome
SupportfromothermembersofthefamilyOthers
TatalThecountry19.6824.524.690.3248.821.97
Beijing2.3873.173.830.3519.410.85
CityThecountry3.5767.302.690.5624.251.64
Beijing0.9586.621.270.2410.230.69
TownThecountry14.2626.525.040.4351.472.28
Beijing4.2742.588.241.1942.171.55
CountrysideThecountry28.494.865.480.1858.972.02
Beijing9.0614.8215.440.6658.581.43
2.6PensionandEmployment
Undernormalcircumstances,workmotivationoftheelderlyistoincreaseincome,relievelonelinessandsoon.Butworkparticipationratewilldropwhenincomeorsocialsecurityafterretireentisbetterthanbefore,sopensionwithornotmaybecomeamajorfactorinwhetherornottoparticipateintheworkoftheelderly.ItisseenfromTable7,theemploymentproportionofolderpeoplewithnopensionishigherthanthatwithpension.
Table7
PensionandRe-Employment
WithpensionWithoutpension
Employed(%)20.5731.63
Notemployed(%)79.4368.37
2.EMPIRICALANALYSISWITHLOGISTICREGRESSIONMODEL
Logisticregressionmodelistwocategoricaldependentvariablesforthemultivariateregressionanalysisusingthemostcommonquantitativeanalysismethod,basicequationsoflogisticregressionisasfollows:
Inthisstudy,dependentvariableisemploymentstatusfortheelderly(p=1representswork,p=0representsnotwork),Prepresentst
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