最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit2InitiatingResearch.docx
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最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit2InitiatingResearch.docx
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最新研究生学术英语写作教程Unit2InitiatingResearch
Unit2InitiatingResearch
Objectives
-Understandwhataresearchis
-Becomeawareoftwolanguagefeaturesofacademicwriting
-Initiateyourresearch
Contents
-Readinganddiscussion:
Whatisaresearch?
-Languagefocus:
personalpronounandnominalization
-Writingpractice:
topicselection;focusformulating;aworkingtitle;outlining
-Researchpractice:
starttheresearch
1.ReadingActivity
Thisunitaimstodescribewhataresearchis,bringyouanawarenessoftwolanguagefeaturesofacademicwriting,andfinallyhelpyouinitiatearesearchofyourown.
1.1Pre-readingTask
Beforeyoulearnthedetailedstepstoinitiatearesearch,pleasediscussthefollowingquestions:
Whatisthepurposeofinitiatingaresearch?
Howdoyouselectthetopic?
Whatkindoftopiccanbestudied?
Doyouoftenencounterfirstpersonalpronouninacademicwriting?
Andwhyorwhynot?
1.2ReadingPassage
Whatisaresearch?
Aresearchisasystematicinvestigativeprocessemployedtoincreaseorrevisecurrentknowledgebydiscoveringnewfacts.Itisdividedintotwogeneralcategories:
(1)basicresearchisinquiryaimedatincreasingscientificknowledge,and
(2)appliedresearchiseffortaimedatusingbasicresearchforsolvingproblemsordevelopingnewprocesses,products,ortechniques.Youmayuse"PPP"todescribethewholeprocessofresearching,whichstandsforPurpose(questions),Process(asystemicapproach)andProduct(answers)inthefollowingfigure.
PurposeProcessProduct
(Questions)(Systemicapproach)(Answers)
Youcaninitiatearesearchinthefollowingsteps.
Step1:
SelectingaTopic
Selectatopicthatinterestsyou.
Selectingatopicispossiblythemostdifficultpartofdoingresearch.Isittoobig?
Isittoonarrow?
Willyoubeabletofindenoughonit?
Startbychoosingatopicthatyoulikeorarecuriousabout.Youaregoingtobeworkingonitforquiteawhile,sotryandfindonethatisinterestingandthatyoucanreasonablycoverinthetimeandspaceavailable.
Focusonabroadresearchtopic.
Ifyouhaveatopicinmind,youstillhavetofine-tuneyourselectionandnarrowthefocus.Forexample,byselectingthesubject"MedicalCare,"youwilldiscoverreportsrelatingtodozensofmorenarrowsubjects,suchas"ManagedCare,""MedicalMalpractice,"and"MedicalMistakes."Youwillhavetolimityourtopic,sothattheresearchquestionscanbesignificant,originalandanswerable.
Step2:
Formulatingathesisstatement
Writeyourtopicasathesisstatement,whichmaybetheanswertoyourresearchquestionand/orawaytoclearlystatethepurposeofyourresearch.Yourthesisstatementwillusuallybeoneortwosentencesthatstatepreciselywhatistobeanswered,proven,orwhatyouwillpromisetoyouraudienceaboutthescope,purpose,anddirectionofyourpaper.Itisgenerallylocatedneartheendoftheintroduction;sometimes,inalongpaper,thethesiswillbeexpressedinseveralsentencesorinanentireparagraph.Andremember,thedevelopmentofathesisassumesthatthereissufficientevidencetosupportthethesisstatement.
Athesisstatementissupposedtobespecific.Hereisanexampleofatoobroadstatement:
TheCatholicChurch’sinfluenceontheformationoflaborunionsinthenineteenthcenturywasextremelysignificant.
Revision:
TheCatholicChurch,bymeansofthepulpitandthepurse,greatlyinfluencedthelabormovementintheUnitedStatesduringthefinaldecadesofthenineteenthcentury.
Step3:
Writingatitle
Agoodtitleisdefinedasthefewestpossiblewordsthatadequatelydescribethecontentsofthepaper.Allwordsinthetitleshouldbechosenwithgreatcare,andtheirassociationwithoneanothermustbecarefullymanaged.
Thetitleofyourpapermaynotbeexactlythesameasyourresearchquestionoryourthesisstatement,butthetitleshouldclearlyconveythefocus,purposeandmeaningofyourresearch.
Intermsofthestructureofatitle,itismainlyanounphrase,gerundphrase,oraprepositionalphrase.Sometimes,itcanbeacompletesentence.Butforbeginners,sentencesarenotrecommended.Thefollowingsaresomeacceptabletitles.
Juveniledelinquencyastheresultoftelevision
Deathpenalty–isitbeneficialorunfavorable?
TheTVimpactonthemodernsociety
ThecontroversialcharacterofNapoleonBonaparte
FrankLloydWright:
KeyPrinciplesofDesignFortheModernHome
Abnormalmusculartensioncausedbypaspertin:
reportof12cases
Step4:
Outlining
Usinganoutlinecanhelpyouorganizeyourmaterialandcanalsohelpyoudiscoverconnectionsbetweenpiecesofinformation.
AWorkingOutlinemightbeonlyaninformallistoftopicsandsubtopicswhichyouarethinkingofcoveringinyourpaper.Sometimes,however,aninstructormightrequirethataworkingoutlinebesubmittedatthebeginningofyourwork;thenyourinstructormightsuggestwaysinwhichtheworkneedstobefurtherdevelopedorcutback.Theworkingoutlinecanberevisedasyoudiscovernewmaterialandgetnewideasthatoughttogointoyourpaper.
AFinalOutlineenhancestheorganizationandcoherenceofyourresearchpaper.Theoutlineorganizationshouldsuitwelltoyourpurposes.Areyouattemptingtoshowthechronologyofsomehistoricaldevelopment,cause-and-effectrelationship,comparisonandcontrastbetweenonephenomenonandanother,theprocessbywhichsomethingisaccomplished,orthelogicofsomeposition?
Afinaloutlinecanbewrittenasatopicoutline,inwhichyouuseonlyshortphrasestosuggestideas,orasasentenceoutline,inwhichyouusefullsentences(evenverybriefparagraphs)toshowthedevelopmentofideasmorefully.Thefollowingisatemplateoutlineofresearch,whichmaynotreflectalloftheresearchyouwillbeincludinginyourfinalpaper,butitshouldshowthatyouhavedoneenoughresearchthatyouknowthemaintopicsandsubtopicsthatyouwillbeusing.
∙Title
∙Completethesentence"ThePurposeofthisPaperis..."
Introduction
oDescribetheproblem
oWhyisthisanalysisappropriate?
oImportanceoftheproblem
oThescopeofthereview
oGapsinthepreviousstudy
oHowtheresultsofthereviewwillbeapplied.
oIdentifytheresearchquestionsyouhopetoanswer
Methodology
oIdentifythemethodusedtoidentifyandlocatesources;
oExplaintherationaleusedforselectingthesourcestoanalyze;
oExplaintheprocedurestobeusedforanalyzingthesources;
oIdentifythecriteriaforevaluatingtheinformationfound.
AnalysisandDiscussion(Generalpointstoconsider)
oEvidenceandideasarepresentedfromsources
oConceptsareorganizedbysub-topics
oSourcesaregroupedbyconceptsinsteadofindividualentities
oGroupingmayberelatedtoresearchquestions.
oValidityofsourcesisstatedtosupportyourultimateanswerstoyourquestions.
oEachofyourstatementsiscitedbyplacingthenumber(s)identifyingthereference(s)whichsupportyourstatement.
ConclusionsandRecommendations
oIdentifyandsynthesizefindings
oSystematicallyansweryourresearchquestions
oProviderecommendationsfor
▪Futureresearch
▪Classroomapplications
▪Educationalpoliciesandprocedures,
▪Programrevisions,or
▪Otherwarrantedsituations
∙References
oListeachofyourreferencesusingAPAformat(orasclosetoitasyoucanget.)
oNumbereachofyourreferencessoyoucanciteyourevidenceintheAnalysisandDiscussionsection
1.3ReadingComprehension
1.3.1Summarizetheprocedureofinitiatingaresearchbasedonthetextinafewkeywordsandfillinthefollowingtable.
Steps
Keywords
Step1
Step2
Step3
Step4
1.3.2ReadthefollowingtopicsandpleasedecidewhatthethemeisandinwhatwaythetopicislimitedforeachproposalbasedonStep1.
Topic
Theme
LimittheTopic
1.AregraduatestudentsofSoutheastUniversity(SEU)satisfiedwiththeircampuslife?
2.JobprospectofgraduatesofMasterofScienceofSEU.
3.ThemaritalstatusofgraduatestudentsofSEU.
4.Arescholarshipandallowanceenoughforthegraduates?
5.Anxietyamongthegraduates.
6.HowmanyEnglishwordsshouldgraduatesacquire?
7.IspersonalsuccessofSEUteachingstaffcorrelatedwithbilingualism?
2.LanguageFocus
2.1PersonPronouns
Firstpersonpronouns
Youcanusuallystrengthenyourimpersonaltonebyremovingfirstpersonpronouns.
Secondpersonpronouns
Whenconsideringanaudience,youestablishcredibilitybyavoidingsecondpersonpronounstodecreaseclosenessandinformality.
2.1.1Turnthefollowingsentencesintoacademiconesbyavoidingfirstandsecondpersonalpronouns.
1.Ithinkthatdoctorsshouldberequiredtocompletecommunicationskillcourses.
2.WhenyoureadHamlet,youshouldnoticeclearforeshadowingofeventstotranspire.
3.Ichosethismethodbecauseitwaslesscomplex.
4.Myreadinghasshownthatthereareseveralreasonswhyplantsaredispersedbyants.
5.TheoneIhavefoundthemostagreementforisthatantnestsarenutrientenrichedsitesandthereforeitmaybeadvantageousforseedstogerminatefromwithinantnests.
6.IalsofoundthattheresultsofthisstudyconcurredwithBerg's(1975)hypothesisthatseedsareprotectedfromfirethroughtheirburialinantsnests.
2.1.2Checkfortheappropriatepersonforthefollowingtext.Firstandsecondpersonpronounsaresometimesapplicabletotheconsultativevoice,butnotintheformalone.Besurethatyouareconsistentwithyourusagethroughoutthepaper.
Forourprojectwedecidedtocheckouttheimpactoftwosimpleactionsaimedatgettingmorefemaleemployeestousethestairsatafivefloorw
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