实用英语修辞PracticalEnglishRhetoric.docx
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实用英语修辞PracticalEnglishRhetoric.docx
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实用英语修辞PracticalEnglishRhetoric
PracticalEnglishRhetoric
I.Introduction
1.WhatIsRhetoric?
Rhetoricistheartorscienceofcommunicationinwords.
LongmanModernEnglishDictionary
修辞是依据题旨情境,运用各种语言材料,各种表现手法,恰当地表现写说者所要表达的内容的语言活动。
《辞海》
Rhetoricischoiceinacontextforapurpose.
(PatrickHartwell:
OpentoLanguage)
修辞学,照我们的看法,应该是在各种可供选择的语言手段之间,各个词语之间,各种句式之间,各种风格之间进行选择,选择那些最适合、最需要的,用于当前特定的目的。
吕叔湘
修辞就是选择。
张志公
Summary
1.Rhetoricistheartorscienceofeffectivecommunicationinwords.Whetherspeakingorwriting,onehastogetoneselfacrosseffectively,.,tobeeloquent,accurate,impressive,persuasiveandexpressive.Thestudyofhowtoexpressoneselfeffectivelyisthemainconcernofrhetoric.
2.Effectivecommunicationisbasedonpreciseandappropriatechoiceofwords,sentencepatternsandfiguresofspeech,etc.Inotherwords,rhetoricischoiceoflinguisticmeansandchoiceofwaysofexpression.So,inthissense,rhetoricis“choice”.
2.ClassificationofEnglishRhetoric
CommunicativeRhetoric
交际修辞:
炼字;锻句
AestheticRhetoric
美学修辞:
各种修辞格
Communicativerhetoriclaysparticularstressonlexicalaccuracy,structuralmeticulousnessandcontextualappropriatenesssoastobringitslinguisticcommunicativeroleintofullplay.
Example
(1)
Shesatatthewindowwatchingtheeveninginvadetheavenue.Herheadwasleanedagainstthewindowcurtainsandinhernostrilswastheodorofdustycretonnes.Shewastired.
(JamesJoyce:
“Eveline”)
Example
(2)
DickBoultonlookedatthedoctor.Dickwasabigman.Heknewhowbigamanhewas.Helikedtogetintofights.Hewashappy.EddieandBillyTabeshawleanedontheircanthooksandlookedatthedoctor.ThedoctorchewedthebeardonhislowerlipandlookedatDickBoulton.Thenheturnedawayandwalkedupthehilltothecottage.Theycouldseefromhisbackhowangryhewas.Theyallwatchedhimwalkupthehillandgoinsidethecottage.
(E.Hemingway:
“TheDoctorandtheDoctor’sWife”)
Aestheticrhetoricgivesspecialemphasistotheemploymentoffiguresofspeechinvirtueofimaginationandassociationsothatthelanguageusedwillbemorecolorfulandexpressive,theimagescreatedonthereader’smindwillbemorevividandimpressive.Asaresult,thewritingwillbemorepersuasiveandofmoreartisticappeal.
Example(3)
WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestigeoftheNaziregime.Fromthisnothingwillturnus—nothing.Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgang.Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheairuntil,withGod’s…
(Churchill:
“SpeechonHitler’sInvasionofthe
Example(4)
Shelookedbloated,likeabodylongsubmergedinmotionlesswater,andofthatpallidhue.Hereyes,lostinthefattyridgesofherface,lookedlikedtwosmallpiecesofcoalpressedintoalumpofdoughastheymovedfromonefacetoanotherwhilethevisitorsstatedtheirerrand.
(WilliamFaulkner:
“ARoseforEmily”)
3.WhyIsRhetorictoBeLearned?
Rhetoricisubiquitous.Itpermeatesourlife.Withoutrhetorictherewouldbenomedia,nolanguage,nolife.
实用英语修辞是一门重要的课程,它对于提高英语学习者对语言的悟性,增强他们语言表达的得体性至关重要。
从理论上看,修辞学可以帮助我们揭示人类的语言之迷,阐明人类的认知活动,而且具有美学价值。
从实用方面上看,实用英语修辞一是可以帮助学习者提高英语表达能力,即运用于说、写和译;一是提高英语理解能力,即运用于读和听。
II.CommunicativeRhetoric
1.ChoiceofWords
1)BasicRulesofWordChoice
Tocommunicateourideaspreciselyandeffectively,weshouldchoosetherightwordsthatareexact,fresh,vividandappropriate.
(1)Exactness
Theprimaryprincipleofdictionistochoosewordsthatexactlyexpressyourideasincommunication.
Example
(1)
*Thefiguresbeforemeinferredthatourenrollmenthadincreasedsignificantlythisyear.
Thefiguresbeforemeimpliedthatourenrollmenthadincreasedsignificantlythisyear.
FromthefiguresbeforemeIinferredthatourenrollmenthadincreasedsignificantlythisyear.
Example
(2)
*Theretiredprofessortakeshealthyexerciseseverymorning.
Theretiredprofessortakeshealthfulexerciseseverymorning.
(2)Conciseness
Goodcommunicationiseconomicalandconcise,expressinganideainthefewestpossiblewords.
Conciseness—usingwordseconomically—isfundamentaltoclearcommunication.
Example(3)
*IntheearlypartofthemonthofAugust,ahurricanewasmovingthreateninglytowardHouston.
InearlyAugust,ahurricanethreatenedHouston.
Example(4)
*Eachactorhasauniquetalentandabilitythatheorsheusesinhisorheracting.
Eachactorhasauniquetalent.
Example(5)
*Theinspiringlikelihoodthatbeingsofsuperiorintellectareflourishingoncelestialbodiesotherthanearthhasbeenmadegloriouslymanifesttothisauthor.
Itislikelythatintelligentlifeexistselsewhereintheuniverse.
Ibelievethathumanlifeexistsonotherplanets.
(3)Clarity
Makeyourmeaningclearbyincludingallnecessarywordsincommunication.
Example(6)
*InNostromo,Conrad’sstyleisironicandhissettingishighlysymbolic,sothatitsometimesconfusesthereader.
InNostromo,Conrad’sstyleisironicandhishighlysymbolicsettingsometimesconfusesthereader.
Conrad’sironicstyleandhighlysymbolicsettinginNostromosometimesconfusethereader.
Example(7)
*Thecausalfactorsofherpovertybecomeobviouswhenoneconsidersthenumberofoffspringshepossesses.
Sheispoorbecauseshehastoomanychildren.
Example(8)
*Itisthefeelingofthepresidentthatthereareenormousresponsibilitieswhicharetobeassumedwithanofficepublictrust.
Thepresidentfeelsthatagovernmenthasgreatresponsibilities.
2)DenotationandConnotation
Themeaningofawordhastwoaspects:
denotationandconnotation.
Denotationisthespecific,direct,andliteralmeaningofwords.Connotationistheassociativeorsuggestivemeaningofaword.
Example(9)
Shewastoocheaptotakeavacation.
Shewastoofrugaltotakeavacation.
Example(10)
Theofficerpeeredintentlyatthetroopsandissuedacommand.
Theofficerglaredatthetroopsandbarkedacommand.
Example(11)
TheShakespearescholarpresentedafascinatinglectureonthethemeofbetrayalofKingLear.
IgotabiglecturefrommymomwhenIcamehomeat4:
00a.m.
Example(12)
TheapparentlyrandomchoiceofredsandorangesisadeparturefromthemoreserenebluesandgreensthatMonetusedinearlierpaintingsofthesamescene.
Byincorporatingredsandorangesinhisrenditionofthisscene,Monetmakesaboldanddramaticdeparturefromtheconventionalcolorcombinationsofhisearlierworks.
Summary:
Denotationreferstotheactualdictionarydefinitionoftheword,withouttheattachmentofanemotionalresponse.
Connotationistheemotionalresponseattachedtoaword.
3)GeneralWordsandSpecificWords
Wecallaword“general”whenitreferstoagrouporaclass;“specific”,whenitreferstoamemberofthatclass.
Thespecificwordtendstogivecolorandtang,tendstoappealtotheimagination.
Example(13)
JanetspoketoTom.
JanetwhisperedtoTom.
Example(14)
ThecartilageinmyanklerippedpainfullyasIslammedontotheicysidewalk.AsIlayonmyback,cursingmyselfforjogginginsubzeroweather,thechillofthemorningwindmademeshudder.Itriedtoraisemybodybutmyanklewouldnotmove,andallIcoulddowasfallbackonmyconcretebed.Ifeltnothingbutpain,coldanddismay.
4)AbstractWordsandConcreteWords
Aconcretewordhasanobjectasitsreferent,whileanabstractword,aconcept.
Example(15)
Friendlinessisthesalesman’sbestasset.
Asmileisthesalesman’sbestasset.
Example(16)
Heisimmortal,notbecausehealoneamongcreatureshasaninexhaustiblevoice,butbecausehehasasoul,aspiritcapableofcompassion.
(WilliamFaulkner)
2.ChoiceofSentences句子是一个完整的语言单位。
每句都表达一种完整而独立的思想。
锻句就是要写出最生动、最富于表现力的句子。
1)TypesofSentences
Sentencescanbeclassifiedindifferentways:
grammatical,functional,andrhetorical.
(1)GrammaticalClassification
i.SimpleSentences
Asimplesentencecontainsoneindependentclausewithonlyonesubjectandonepredicate.
Example
(1)
Outsideliterature,themainmotiveforwritingistodescribetheworld.
NorthropFrye
Example
(2)
Aworkofartexpressesaconceptionoflife,emotion,inwardreality.
SusanneK.Langer
Example(3)
Afool’sbraindigestsphilosophyintofolly,scienceintosuperstition,andartintopedantry(迂腐).
Summary:
Asthesimplesentencehasonlyoneclausetomakethestatement,itisgoodforclarity,brevityanddirectness.Wheneverwewanttomakeacertainstatementclearandemphaticenough,weusethesimplesentence.
Shortsimplesentencesareusuallyemphatic.Theyareoftenusedtoputforwardmainpoints,conclusions,orimportantfacts.
ii.CompoundSentences
Thecompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclausesrelatedtoeachotherinmeaning,andlinkedbyacoordinatingconjunctionorbyaconjunctiveadverborbyasemicolonwithoutaconjunction.
Example(4)
Theeconomistsconsideredbudgetcuts,andthepoliticiansthoughtofvotes.
Example(5)
Artislong,butlifeisshort.
Example(6)
Wewillnotbecoerced,norwillwebebought.
Example(7)
Nationsindeedseemtohaveakindofbiologicalspanlikehumanlifefromrebelliousyouth,throughcaution,todecay;consequently,predictionsofdoomarenotuncommon.
Example(8)
Welongforthegoodolddays,yetweneverincludethedisadvantages.
Example(9)
Theaddressaccentsthefeminine;thepantssuitspeaksforfreedom.
Summary:
Apartfromemphasizingtheequalityofthecoordinateparts,thecompoundsentencecanhelpreducewordinessandrelievemonotony.
Ifthedifferentpartsofthethoughttobeexpressedtakeshapeonebyoneinorderlysequence,andiftheideasarerou
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