考研英汉翻译笔记之分词短语.docx
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考研英汉翻译笔记之分词短语.docx
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考研英汉翻译笔记之分词短语
考研英汉翻译笔记之分词短语
现在分词短语必须放在所修饰名词的后面,它相当于一个包含一般时或进行时谓语的从句(完成分词不能这样用):
Itisaquestionpuzzling(=thatpuzzles)manypeople.
(带有宾语)(比较:
Itisapuzzlingquestion.)
Hewasabusinessmangrowing(=thatgrew)richinrecentyears.
(带有补语)(比较:
Heisagrowingboy.)
Thegentlemantalking(=whoistalking)soloudlyismyuncle.
(带有副词)(比较:
Canyoureadhertalkingeyes?
)
Theladyvisiting(=whovisited)usfromtimetotimetaughtusFrench.(带有副词短语)
Thegirlcomingtolearnmusicisonlysizyearsold.(带有不定式作状语)
Anybodygettingupassoonasthecockcrowswillberewarded,saidmyfather.(带有状语从句)
2/过去分词短语:
过去分词短语也必须放在所修饰的名词后面,它相当于一个被包含有被动谓语的定语从句,这个谓语可以是完成时态,也可以是一般时态。
若分词是被动进行形式(即由being开头的短语),这个谓语又可以是进行时态。
Dogscruellytreated(=whichhavebeencruellytreated)willbevicious.(带有副词)
Thewomanabandoned(=whohadbeenabandoned)byherhusbandcalledonmeoneday.(带有副词短语)
Idrinkwaterboiled(=whichhasbeenboiled)atleasttenminutes.
Bookcalled(=thatarecalled)thecomicsmaybeharmfultochildren.(带有补语)
Boysdisciplined(=whoaredisciplined)whentheyareyongwillbecomegoodcitizens.(带有状语从句)
Ishallstudythesubjectbeingstudied(=whichisbeingstudied)bysomanystudents.(带有being)
Thete_t-bookbeingused(=whichisbeingused)inthisschoolisLetUsLearnFrench.
c)前面带as的分词
连词as可以用在分词前面
Thenewsasarriving(=Thenewsasitarrives,Suchnewsasarrives(todayisnotbelievable.(Theremaybedifferentnews).
Theresultsasproclaimed(=Theresultsastheyhavebeenproclaimed,Suchresultsashavebeenproclaimed)intodaysnewspaperareencouraging.
Hisabilityasdisplayedduringthelastthreemonthswasinadequate.
Iwilltellyouastoryastoldbymymother.
b.作主语补语的分词
现在分词和过去分词都可以用在is,was,grow,feel这类系动词后做补语(亦称表语)。
由于它们修饰解释主语,可以称作主语补语:
Itisinteresting(orcharming,astonishing,e_citing).(这些表示情绪的现在分词这里用作纯粹的形容词,尽管看起来像谓语动词,却不是谓语动词。
)
Hewasinterested(orcharmed,astonished,e_cited).这些表示情绪的过去分词,这里也是用作纯粹的形容词。
)
Sheisvery(orgreatly)delighted(ordisgusted,concerned,pleased).(带有表示程度的副词)
Hefeltinterested(orcharmed,astonished,e_cited,annoyed,assured).
Heappears(orseems)pretending(orsparing,unthinking,grasping,forbidding).
Itlooksdecayed(orwithered,rotten,sunken).
Heremainsunsatisfied;thematterremainsunsettledanduntouched.
Hisillnesscontinuedunchanged.
Hebecamee_cited(ordiscouraged).
Hegotscolded.
Hegrewtiredoflife.
Thesituationprovesencouraging.
c.作宾语补语的分词
分词也可用在see,hear,set,make,keep这类宾补动词后,作宾语的补语,修饰或谈及宾语的情况,他们称为宾语补语。
它们仍具有动词的特点,可以有宾语、补语及修饰语。
另外,如果这些宾补动词表示感官作用,它们可以转变为及物动词,同时现在分词或过去分词可以变成that从句中的谓语动词:
Isaw(宾补动词)him(宾语)running(现在分词作宾补)off.(=Isaw(及物动词)thathewasrunningorran(谓语动词)off)
Ifound(宾补动词)thosepeople(宾语)working(现在分词)hard.(=Ifound(及物动词)thatthosepeoplewereworkingorworked(谓语动词)hard.)
Theyheardhersinging.
Didyounoticethatfellowstealingit?
Isawthethiefcaughtbypolicemen.(=Isawthatthethiefwascaughtbythepolicemen.)
Doyourownyourselfdefeated?
(=Doyouownthatyouhavebeendefeated?
)
Hedeclaredhimselfsatisfied.
Imustseeeverythingdoneproperly.
Ifoundeverythingchanged.
如果宾补动词不表示感官作用,分词则不能变为that从句中的谓语动词:
Helefthischildrenplayinginthestreet.
Thejokesetallofthemlaughing.
Theymustkeepthepotboiling.
Ihavekeptyouwaitingalongtime.
Hesenttheballflying.
Theycaughthimdoingevil.
Icantmakemyselfunderstood.
Hisactionsmakehimrespected,butnothiswords.
Ihaveahousebuiltonthemountain.
Pleasegetthieluggagecarriedintotheroom.
分词也可由being开始:
Hewatchedthepicturesbeinghungonthewall.
Ifoundmyselfbeinglookedafterbytenservants.(=IfoundthatIwasbeinglookedafterbytenservants.)
在某些宾补动词后,现在分词前可加连词as:
Hedescribedthecityase_pressingthemodernideaofspeed.
HequotedConfuciusassayingthis.
Herecordedthemovementasbeginninganewera.
Heacceptedmeashavingseenmuchoftheworld.
Theresultsshowtheirlessonsashavingbeenneglected.
Helookedupontheaccidentasbeingcausedbyagravemisunderstanding.
在个别动词的被动结构后也可带as的分词短语:
Thestorywastoldashavinghappenedtohimself.
Anoldmanwasrepresentedasstandingamonghissons.
Iwasgivenadictionaryasbeingthebeststudents.
d.作解释性修饰语得分词
作为解释性修饰语,它常常放在主语后面或前面,由逗号把它和主语分开,就像一个作状语的分词一样。
但是作状语的分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步等,可改为一个状语从句,并修饰谓语动词。
作解释性修饰语的分词若说明伴随的情况时,不能变为状语从句,这时对主语的说明多于对谓语的说明。
对下面两对句子加以比较,就可看出这两种用法的差别:
Gaspingande_cited(作状语的分词),Richardarousedsuspicion.(=Becausehegaspedandwase_cited,Richardarousedsuspicion.)
Gaspingande_cited(作解释性修饰语的分词),Richardarrivedhome.(Appro_imately=Richardgaspedandwase_citedwhenhearivedhome;或Richardgaspedandwase_cited,andthushearrivedhome.)
Notseenbyanyone(作状语的分词),Davidstolethewatch.(=Ashewasnotseenbyanyone,Davidstolethewatch)
Notseenbyanyone(),Davidranpast.(Appro_inately=Davidwasnotseenbyanyonewhenheranpast;或Davidwasnotseenbyanyone,andthusheranpast.)
下面是一些包含有解释性修饰语的句子:
Shiveringandgreatlyashamed,Lilianloweredherhead.
Starving,Johnwanderedabout.
Kneelingandshuttinghereyes,Maryprayedtothegoddess.
Bleedingandfainting,hewaitedfortheambulance.
Closingthedoor,heshutoutthebeggar.
Shoutingaloud,hecalledtome.
Walkingalongthebank,thepoetsangasorrowfulsong.
Dressedinwhile,shesuddenlyappeared.
Supportedbyhissons,theoldmancameout.
这些分词放在主语后时最不强调,放在句末时强调意义最明显
Richard,gaspingande_cited,arrivedhome.
David,notseenbyanyone,ranpast.
Mary,kneelingandshuttinghereyes,prayedtothegoddess.(只有主语为名词时,分词才可放在它后面,如果是代词,譬如说he,就不能放在这个位置.)
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“
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