考研英语二真题及答案解析.docx
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考研英语二真题及答案解析.docx
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考研英语二真题及答案解析
2011年硕士研究生入学考试英语
(二)真题及参考答案
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.
Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3?
Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation'scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a"voluntarytrustedidentity"systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,all
rolled6one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toa
specificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'slicense10bythegovernment.
GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese"singlesign-on"systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.
12.theapproachwouldcreatea"walledgarden"ncyberspace,withsafe
"neighborhoods"andbright"streetlights"toestablishasenseofa13community.
Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"voluntaryecosystem"inwhich"individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeach
otherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns".
Still,theadministration'splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudthe
approach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beacompulsoryInternet"drive'slicense"mentality.
Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,who
worrythatthe"voluntaryecosystem"envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentify
themselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden
2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though
3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless
4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal
5.A.informationB.interfereneeC.entertainmentD.equivalent
6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over
7.A.linkedB.direetedC.ehainedD.eompared
8.A.dismissB.diseoverC.ereateD.improve
9.A.reeallB.suggestC.seleetD.realize
10.A.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered
11.A.earryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login
12.A.InvainB.IneffeetC.InreturnD.Incontrast
13.A.trustedB.modernizede.thrivingD.eompeting
14.A.eautionB.delightC.confideneeD.patienee
15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.aeross
16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.proteetedD.united
17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.oeeasionallyD.eventually
18.A.skeptieismB.releraneeC.indiffereneeD.enthusiasm
19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible
20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.foreed
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Direetions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,
B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:
ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommitteehowcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?
ByFebruary
thenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.
Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumably
haveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky,
andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.
TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,
000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thenthey
simplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise"disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobe
largerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformaneeatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup."Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlarger
andmorestablefirms.
Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewof
historyshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainvery
popularoncampus.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.
[A]gainingexcessiveprofits
[B]failingtofulfillherduty
[C]refusingtomakecompromises
[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes
22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe
[A]generousinvestors
[B]unbiasedexecutives
[C]sharepriceforecasters
[D]independentadvisers
23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.
[A]becomemorestable
[B]reportincreasedearnings
[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket
[D]performworseinlawsuits
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.
[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm
[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm
[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm
[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm
25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text2
Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?
Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfled
totheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?
Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?
Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.
Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.
Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobs
havegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.
Newspapersarebecomingmorebalaneedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianeeonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,
accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmore
stable.
Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthe
damagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescieneeandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.ButcompletenessisnoIongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.
26.Bysaying"Newspaperslike…theirowndoom"(Lines34,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.
[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis
[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies
[C]werenotcharitablecorporations
[D]wereinadesperatesituation
27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.
[A]readersthreatenedtopayless
[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts
[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas
□subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts
28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuch
morestablebecausethey.
[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue
[B]havemorebalaneednewsrooms
[C]arelessdependentonadvertising
[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership
29.Whatcanbeinferred
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