老人与海论文.docx
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老人与海论文.docx
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老人与海论文
AnAnalysisoftheToughManinTheOldManandtheSea
Introduction
TheOldManandtheSeaisafamousnovelwrittenbyAmericangreatnovelistErnestHemingway.ThenoveltellsastoryofanoldmannamedSantiagostrugglingwiththesharksinthesea.Santiago,theoldfisherman,wastheleadingcharacterofthisbook.Hewasalonelyoldmanwhowassetapartbyhisage.Intheworld,theonlypersonwhocaredforhimandhelpedhimwasayoungboy.Sincehelivedonfish,hehadtogoouttofishaloneinthesea.Hehadaverybadluck,forhewentoutforeighty-fourdays,buthedidnotcatchasinglefish.Inthefirstfortydaystheyoungboyhadbeenwithhim.Butafterfortydayswithoutafish,theboyhadtoleavehimforanotherandluckierboatathisparents’orders.Evenso,theboyoftenwenttohelphimwhentheboatswereashore.Theoldmanwasastrange-mindedpersonwithasagetemper;heneverlosthiscourageanddeterminationinthefaceoffailure.Ontheeighty-fifthday,hewentoutalonetofarther,deeperwatersandthroughtwodaysandtwonightsfight.Hecaughtalargemarlin.Unfortunately,thisonlycaptureofhiswascarvedupbygroupofsharks.Whattheylefttohimwasaneighteenfootlongskeleton.
Theoldman’sstorywasverysad.Anyhow,fromtheendofthebookwecanseetheoldmandidnotlosehiscourage,heandtheyoungboypreparedtohaveanotherfishingtripinthesea,andtheoldmandreamedlionsagain.HereHemingwayportrayedatoughundefeatedoldmanwhopresentstheauthor’smessageoftoughman.Thatphrase“Butmanisnotmadefordefeat,amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated”(Hemingway,1952,P39)madethetoughmanimageclear.
HemingwayistherepresentativeofTheLostGeneration.HisnovelhasgreatinfluenceonTheLostGeneration,especiallythisnovelTheOldManandtheSea.HisnoveleverbroughtthehopeoffuturetothepeoplewhosufferedpainsintheWWⅡ.Thispaperwillbringbackthehopeagaintothelatergenerationandshowthetoughmanimagetothem.
Thisarticlewillshowthetoughmanimagesofloneliness,optimism,heroism,confidenceandhopebyanalyzingwordsanddeedsoftheoldman.
1.SocialBackground
1.1PostwarSocialEnvironment
AftertheWorldWarⅡ,whileothercountriessufferedfromthe“sequence”leftbythewar,theUnitedStatesexperiencedherprosperity.Alotofgreatachievementsinscienceandrapidprogressinindustry,communicationandtransportationweremade.Newdiscoveriesandinventionsshowedthegreatabilityofhumanbeingtoconquerthenature.Meanwhile,peoplebegantolosethegreatspiritofthepioneersandengagedthemselvesineating,drinking,idlingandallkindsofeccentricstimulus.Thebreakingofthetraditionalcriterionofthevaluedisturbedthepeople.TheColdWardevelopedthepeople’smechanicalwarscare.Theywerepessimisticoftheworld.“ButSantiagoisdifferentfromthem”(EncyclopediaAmerican,1982,volume,P83).Hedeclared:
thehumanbeingmaysuffergreatdisasters,butpeoplehaveanindestructiblestrengthtoovercomethemandwelcomethebeautifulfuture,eventheymightbebeatenmanytimes.Manyfactswillprovethattheoldmanwasoptimisticaboutthefuture:
Althoughhewasbeaten,hewasstillhoping,andhecouldgooutsailing,forthelosttillerofhisskiffcouldeasilybereplaced;hiscouragestillremained,forhedreamedofthelionsonthebeach,whichwerethesymbolofhiscourage;theboy,Marlonwouldgooutfishingwithhimtolearnhis“skills”whichembodiedthatMarlonwouldsucceedtheoldman’sspiritand,furthermore,hisspiritwouldbepassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.
1.2TheOldMan’Life
Santiago’slifeisnotingoodcondition.Helivesinashackinwhichthereisonlyabed,atable,onechairandaplaceonthedirtyfloortocookwithcharcoal.Heissopoorthathehadnopotofyellowriceandfishtoeat.Whilesailingforfishing,hehasonlyabottleofwaterwithhim.Heleadsalonelylife.Hiswifediedleavinghimnochildren.Exceptaboyheoncetaughttofish,hehasfewfriends.Itseemsthatfewpeoplecarehim.Whatismore,heisafailureincatchingfish.Foreighty-fourdayshefishedinaskiffwithouttakingafish.Eighty-fourdaysisalongperiodoftime.Eighty-fourdayswithoutafishisveryunfortunateforafisherman.Foraweather-beaten,poverty-strickenandlonelyoldmanlikeSantiago,themiserymightbebeyondanyone’sintolerance,foramancantoleratefailure,butcannottoleratecontinuousfailure.Toomuchfailurewillsuredefeatamanevenwithstrongwill.Theoldmanisunfortunateandexperiencesalotoffailure,everythingabouthimisold.Butheisalwaysoptimisticandhopefulabouthisfuture.Inhiseyes,“Everydayisanewday”(Hemingway,1952,P259).
2.ConnectionbetweenHemingwayandtheSantiago
2.1Hemingway’slifeexperience
InHemingway’swriting,thehero,moreorless,revealedtheauthor’sinnerworldandhislife.Asayoungman,Hemingwaywaseagertodowellineverything.Hehankeredafterbeingthefirstineveryactivity.Ifhecouldnotbethechampioninonegame.“Hewouldgiveitup”(Hemingway,1952,P257).WhentheFirstWorldWarbegan,heleftthemiddlepartofAmericaforthefrontinEuropean.Onlyinonemonth,twohundredandtwenty—sevenbrokenpiecesofshellswere“inlayed”inhisbody.Becauseofthishegotpraiseandprizesfromeveryaspect.ButtherealityaftertheW.W.Imadetheidealwhichhepursuedwithhislifebrokenassoapbubbles.Heshoutedout“Thishasnotbeenmywar”,“Farewellarms”suchrighteouswordsandhebecamethemainrepresentativeof“theLostGeneration”in1920sintheUnitedStates.Buthedidnotgiveupallhishopeforhehadfirmcharacteristicof“strong-minded.Unyieldingperson”.Heardentlylovedcontestingwithox,fishing,huntingandallkindsofadventure.HeespeciallylovedthelionsintheopencountryinAfrica.Inhisopinion,lionswerethesymbolofbraveness,powerandsuccess.JustasSantiago,healsolovedthestrugglein1ife—thestruggleonthesea,thestruggleinhandgameandthestruggleoncourt.Tosomehewouldpracticeandtoothers,hewouldappreciategreatly.Eveninhisdreams,heonlydreamedoflions.Inthemeantime,hedidallhisbesttopursuesuccess.Heconstantlymetwithdefeatandsoheoftenfeltsad.Yetitwasnotnecessaryforustocensurehimbecauseitwasnothisfault.Hehadalreadymadeallhiseffort,andheneverreallyabandonedit.HedidnotadmithisfailurejustlikeHemingwaydid.Inthel930s,whenthecivilwarbrokeOutinSpain.Hetookpartinitactively.Atfirst.Heworkedasareporter,andthenhejoinedtheInternationalBridge,whichfightsagainstfascistsdirectly.Butthisjustwarfailed.Hewasverydisappointedandhethought“Foreveryonethefuneralhellrings”(BakerCarlos,1996,P126).InthefollowingSecondWorldWar,hischaracteristicthatwasunwillingtofailwasmanifestedlegendari1y—HeoncedrovehisownarmedfishingvesseltotrackdowntheGermansubmarinealonefortwoyears,andhewasreadytodiefightingtheenemyatanytime;HeoncesatinanAmericabombertobombfascistGermany.Hisheadwasbadlywoundedbecauseoftheplaneaccident.Whatwasmoreimaginablewas:
atthecriticalmomentofcounterattack,heledagroupofFrenchguerrillaforcesandrushedintoPariswhichwasentrenchedinbyfascists.Moreover,heachieveddynamicsuccessinlifetimemanytimes.FromTheSunalsoRisestoFarewelltoArms,andfromForWhomtheBellTollstoTheOldManandtheSea.Almosteachofhismainnovelswasthedeeprevelationoffailureinhisheart.Heoftenfoundthatthefineidealthathedreamedaboutwasalwaysfarfromhim.Theonlythingthathewasproudofwasinthefaceofunavoidabledefeat,heneverlosthisdeterminationandcourage,andalsohenevergiveupwhathepursued.FromHemingway,wecanclearlyseethetoughmanimage.Thiskindofimagehasbeeninhisbody.
2.2ReflectionofHemingwayinSantiago
InTheOldManandtheSea,HemingwaymergedhimselfwithSantiagointhoughtsandfeelings.Hewasfondofhimandsanghighpraiseofhim.Heplacedhispersonalexperienceontheoldmanandreflectedsomeofhisinnatecharacters.Theoldman’scourage,self-confidence,endurancewerereflectedinHemingway’sreallife.Hemingway’slifeistheportrayaloftoughguy.PerhapsitshouldbesaidthatSantiagoinTheOldManandtheSeaistheportrayalofErnestHemingway.Hemingwayinlifeadvocatedthespiritoftoughguyandpublishediteverywhere.Hishopeistodothebestandbecomestheauthority.Ifhecannotbecomethefirst,hewillsimplygiveup.Thereasonwhyhegaveuptheuniversitywasthathewouldbeexpectedtodosomethinginfootball.Andhegaveupplayingfootballatthelastyearofhighschool,becausehewasnotonthetitle.Herankedthefirstfortheschoolmagazinewriting.Sowritingbecamehislifelongcareer.Althoughheshowedadisregardinhonor,hefeltproudforfinallygetting“thetricksofSweden”whentheSwedishRoyaljurytoldhimthathegottheNobelPrizeforliterature.
MeanwhileHemingwayalsoputshisstrongspiritualqualityinto“toughman”character.Andthetoughmanrunsthroughallhistime.Therearemanysimilaritiesinthetoughmaninhisnovels,forexample:
Livingenvironment,personalityquality,lifehistory,thepotentialandcouragecontainedinbody.Thosetoughmenphysicalandspiritualpotentialwereinspiredinthemostdangerousconfrontation,andmakepeoplehavemorestronglifeforce.Energyinspiredbylifeisoftendestroyedbymorepowerfulnessthanitssocialornaturalforces.Andthevalueofthetoughmanisthatitstilldemonstratesitspowerafterthedestr
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