计算机科学概论第1版英文版提纲.docx
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计算机科学概论第1版英文版提纲.docx
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计算机科学概论第1版英文版提纲
ComputerScienceOutline
YangZhao
-HuaqiaoUniversity-
-InternationalSchool-
-Echonomics-
Chapter1:
Datastorage数据存储
1.1Bitsandtheirstorage
BitsandBitPatterns位与位模式
1.Bit:
BinaryDigit(0or1)
2.BitPatterns:
areusedtorepresentinformation.
-Numbers
-Textcharacters
-Images
-Sound
-Andothers
1.1.1BooleanOperation布尔运算(GeorgeBoolean)
1.BooleanOperation:
Anoperationthatmanipulatesoneormoretrue/falsevalues
2.Specificoperations:
-AND
-OR
-XOR(exclusiveor)异或
-NOT
1.1.2GatesandFlip-Flops门和触发器
1.Gate:
AdevicethatcomputesaBooleanoperation
-Oftenimplemented应用as(small)electroniccircuits电路
-Providethebuildingblocksfromwhichcomputersareconstructed为构造计算机提供基础条件
-VLSI(VeryLargeScaleIntegration)超大规模集成电路
(ApictorialrepresentationofAND,OR,XOR,andNOTgatesaswellastheirinputandoutputvalues)
2.Flip-flop:
Acircuitbuiltfromgatesthatcanstoreonebit.
Oneinputlineisusedtosetitsstoredvalueto1
Oneinputlineisusedtosetitsstoredvalueto0
Whilebothinputlinesare0,themostrecentlystoredvalueispreserved
(Asimpleflip-flopcircuit)
(Settingtheoutputofflip-flopto1)
1.1.3HexadecimalNotation
1.Hexadecimalnotation:
Ashorthandnotationforlongbitpatterns
Dividesapatternintogroupsoffourbitseach
Representseachgroupbyasinglesymbol
Example:
10100011becomesA3
简便算法:
例如:
1011(二位制计数法)变为十六位制计数法表示
只需1*2^0+1*2^1+0*2^2+1*2^3=11→B
例如:
0011(二位制计数法)变为十六位制计数法表示
只需1*2^0+1*2^1+0*2^2+0*2^3=3
1.2MainMemory主储存器(就是平时说的内存)
1.2.1Memoryorganization
1.Cell(储存单元):
Aunitofmainmemory(typically8bits位whichisonebyte字节)
2.Mostsignificantbit:
thebitattheleft(high-order)endoftheconceptualrowofbitsinamemorycell
3.Leastsignificantbit:
thebitattheright(low-order)endoftheconceptualrowofbitsinamemorycell
(Theorganizationofabyte-sizememorycell)
4.Address:
A“name”thatuniquelyidentifiesonecellinthecomputer’smainmemory
Thenamesareactuallynumbers.
Thesenumbersareassignedconsecutivelystartingatzero.
Numberingthecellsinthismannerassociatesanorderwiththememorycells.
(Memorycellsarrangedbyaddress)
MemoryTerminology
5.RandomAccessMemory(RAM):
Memoryinwhichindividualcellscanbeeasilyaccessedinanyorder
6.DynamicMemory(DRAM):
RAMcomposedofvolatilememory
(在此处可以简单理解为RAM包括DRAM;
DRAM表示动态的RAM)
1.2.2MeasuringMemoryCapacity存储器容量的度量
Kilobyte:
bytes=1024bytes
Example:
3KB=3times1024bytes
Megabyte:
bytes=1,048,576bytes
Example:
3MB=3times1,048,576bytes
Gigabyte:
bytes=1,073,741,824bytes
Example:
3GB=3times1,073,741,824bytes
1.3MassStorage海量存储器(就是平时说的硬盘)
On-lineversusoff-line
-on-linemeansthatthedeviceorinformationisconnectedandreadilyavailabletothemachinewithouthumanintervention.
-off-linemeansthathumaninterventionisrequiredbeforethedeviceorinformationcanbeaccessedbythemachine-perhapsbecausethedevicemustbeturnedon,orthemediumholdingtheinformationmustbeinsertintosomemachine.
Comparedwithmainmemory
Typicallylargerthanmainmemory容量大
Typicallylessvolatilethanmainmemory更稳定
Typicallyslowerthanmainmemory速度慢
MassStorageSystems
-MagneticSystems
Disk
Tape
-OpticalSystems
CD
DVD
-FlashTechnology
FlashDrives
SecureDigital(SD)MemoryCard
1.3.1MagneticSystem磁学系统
1.Magneticdisk(Harddisk)
architecture
-track磁道
-cylinder柱面
-sector扇区
-ZBR
Formatting格式化
Seektime寻道时间
Rotationdelay(Latencytime)旋转延迟/等待时间
Accesstime存取时间=Seektime+Rotationdelay
Transferrate传输速率9
2.Magnetictape
tapereel带盘Take-upreel卷盘
1.3.2OpticalSystems光学系统
Compactdisk(CD)600MB~700MBonly1track
-CD-DA(Compactdisk-digitalaudio)
-CD-ROM
-VCD
DigitalVersatileDisk(DVD)
-BlueRay蓝光技术
-MultipleLayers多层
Blu-rayDisks(BDs)
1.3.3FlashDrives闪存驱动器
NoMechanicalMotion
Flash
-TotalElectronic
-Notsuitableformainmemory
-HardDrive
SD→SDHC→SDXC
1.3.4FileStorageandRetrieval文件存储及检索
File:
Aunitofdatastoredinmassstoragesystem
Fieldsandkeyfields字段和键字段
Field:
example:
Name/sex
Keyfield:
example:
studentnumber
PhysicalrecordversusLogicalrecord
Buffer缓冲区:
Amemoryareausedforthetemporarystorageofdata(usuallyasastepintransferringthedata)
1.4RepresentingInformationasBitPattern位模式的表示
1.4.1RepresentingText文本的表示
1.Eachcharacter(letter,punctuation,etc.)isassignedauniquebitpattern.
2.ASCII:
Usespatternsof7-bitstorepresentmostsymbolsusedinwrittenEnglishtext
3.ISOdevelopedanumberof8bitextensionstoASCII,eachdesignedtoaccommodateamajorlanguagegroup
4.Unicode:
Usespatternsof16-bitstorepresentthemajorsymbolsusedinlanguagesworldwide
5.Textfile文本文件
6.Texteditor文本编辑器(→简单文本文件)
7.Wordprocessor字处理程序(→如微软word产生的较复杂的文件)
1.4.2RepresentingNumericValues
Binarynotation二进制记数法:
Usesbitstorepresentanumberinbasetwo
Limitationsofcomputerrepresentationsofnumericvalues
-Overflow超值:
occurswhenavalueistoobigtoberepresented
-Truncation截断:
occurswhenavaluecannotberepresentedaccurately
1.4.3RepresentingImages
Bitmaptechniques
-Pixel:
shortfor“pictureelement”像素3bytes=24bits
-Bitmap位图(像素的集合就是位图)
-RGB
-Luminanceandchrominance光和色
-Scalingproblem
Vectortechniques矢量技术
-Scalable缩放
-TrueTypeandPostScript
-CAD(computer-aideddesign)计算机辅助设计
1.4.4RepresentingSound
Samplingtechniques振幅采样方法
-Usedforhighqualityrecordings:
44.1KHZ
-Recordsactualaudio
MIDI乐器数字化接口
-Usedinmusicsynthesizers合成器
-Records“musicalscore”乐谱
12311231345
记录乐谱而不是音乐本身
Computation1minutemusic
-Stereo立体声
-44.1KHz/s
-16bit一个样本()
-60(一分钟)*2(双声道)*44.1*1000*16/8(2bytes)10MB
-MP3:
101→1(有压缩的能力)
1.5TheBinarySystem二进制系统
Thetraditionaldecimalsystemisbasedonpowersoften.
TheBinarysystemisbasedonpowersoftwo.
1.5.1BinaryNotation二进制记数法
二进制与十进制的转换
二进制转十进制
十进制转二进制
Example:
1.5.2BinaryAddition二进制加法
法则:
Example:
1.5.3FractionsinBinary二进制中的小数
Ridixpoint(小数点)
Chapter2:
DataManipulation数据操控
2.1ComputerArchitecture
CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)orprocessor:
thecircuitryinacomputerthatcontrolthemanipulationofdataisthat.
Motherboard
MID(MobileInternetDevice)
Microprocessors微处理器
2.1.1CPUBasics
ACPUconsistsofthreeparts:
-Arithmetic/Logicunit----------------算
versus
-Controlunit----------------协调
-Registersunit寄存器单元----------------CPU内部数据临时存储
·General-purposeregister通用寄存器
·Special-purposeregister专用寄存器
Bus总线
2.1.2StoredProgramConcept
Aprogramcanbeencodedasbitpatternsandstoredinmainmemory.Fromthere,theCPUcanthenextracttheinstructionsandexecutethem.Inturn,theprogramtobeexecutedcanbealteredeasily.
-Notseetheforestforthetrees
-SuchrutsmaystillexistinCS(computerscience)
-NewinsightsmayopendoortoNewThings
2.2MachineLanguage
Machineinstruction:
Aninstruction(orcommand)encodedasabitpatternrecognizablebytheCPU
Machinelanguage:
Thesetofallinstructionsrecognizedbyamachine
2.2.1TheInstructionRepertoire指令系统
MachineLanguagePhilosophies
ReducedInstructionSetComputing(RISC)
-Few,simple,efficient,andfastinstructions
-Examples:
PowerPCfromApple/IBM/Motorola
andARM
ComplexInstructionSetComputing(CISC)
-Many,convenient,andpowerfulinstructions
-Example:
Intel
MachineInstructionTypes
1.DataTransfer:
copydatafromonelocationtoanother
-LOAD/STORE
-I/Oinstructions与外界设备传输的指令
2.Arithmetic/Logic:
useexistingbitpatternstocomputeanewbitpatterns
-SHIFT/ROTATE
3.Control:
directtheexecutionoftheprogram:
-STOP/JUMP-unconditionaljump/conditionaljump
2.2.2AnillustrativeMachineLanguage一种演示用的机器语言
PartsofaMachineInstruction
-Op-code操作码:
Specifieswhichoperationtoexecute说运算方式
·1~C
-Operand操作数字段:
Givesmoredetailedinformationabouttheoperation详细的运算信息
·Interpretationofoperandvariesdependingonop-code
2.3ProgramExecution程序执行
Controlledbytwospecial-purposeregisters<前面讲的都是通用寄存器>
-Programcounter:
addressofnextinstruction
-Instructionregister:
currentinstruction
MachineCycle
-Fetch取指
-Decode译码
-Execute执行
2.3.1AnexampleofProgramExecution
这个图其实应该是动态的,如果静态的看这两个图就是错误的,所以千万不要被这个图混淆,下面我将写出做题的技巧:
例:
Programcounter:
A0Programcounter:
A2Programcounter:
A4
Instructionregiser:
156CInstructionregiser:
156CInstructionregiser:
166D
永远记住Programcounter记的是下一个待执行指令的地址
2.3.2ProgramsversusData
AllBinarystringsinmemory
BAD?
NO
-Programscanmodifyitself,thesameasdata.→machinelearning
-Writeprogramstosolveproblems
Chapter3:
OperatingSystems操作系统
FunctionsofOperatingSystems
Overseeoperationofcomputer
Storeandretrievefiles
Scheduleprogramsforexecution
Coordinatetheexecutionofprograms
Examples
-Windows/Linux
-Unix:
MacOX
-Phone:
iOS/Android
3.1TheHistoryofOperatingSystems
1.Batchprocessing批处理
-Job作业/jobqueue作业队列/JCL作业控制语言
2.Interactiveprocessing交互式处理
-Requiresreal-timeprocessing
3.Time-sharing分时/Multitasking多任务
-ImplementedbyMultiprogramming多道程序设计
4.Multiprocessormachines多处理器机器
-LoadBalancing负载平衡动态将任务分配给各个处理器
-scaling均分把大任务划分若干子任务与可用处理器相适应
5.Embededsystem嵌入式系统(手持设备特定任务设备)
3.2OperatingSystemArchitecture
3.2.1AsoftwareSurvey软件概述
TypesofSoftware
-Applicationsoftware
·Performsspecifictasksforusers
-Systemsoftware
·Providesinfrastructureforapplicationsoftware
·Consistsofoperatingsystemandutilitysoftware实用软件
用户界面内核
3.2.2Components组件ofOperatingSystem
UserInterface:
Communicateswithusers
-Textbased(Shell)
-Graphicaluserinterface(GUI)
Kernel内核:
Performsbasicr
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