SSS听力文本汇总.docx
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SSS听力文本汇总.docx
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SSS听力文本汇总
BiggerAnimalsKeepaStiffLowerFoot
AstudyintheJournaloftheRoyalSocietyInterfacefoundthatasmammaliananimalsincreaseinsize,theirfeetdonotscaleupaccordingly--butthereisageneralincreaseinthestiffnessofthefootpad.KarenHopkinreports
March1,2010
Bigcatsorwolvesseemlikescaled-upversionsofthetabbyorterriersleepingonyoursofa.Buttheproportionsdosubtlychangeasanimalsgetlarger.Foronething,biganimals’feetaresmallerrelativetotheirbodiesthanaresmallerbeasts’.Buttheycompensatewithphysics,accordingtonewresearchintheJournaloftheRoyalSocietyInterface.[see:
http:
//bit.ly/cDdbUx]
Whenwethinkaboutanimallocomotion…whetherit’swalking,running,orjuststandingaround…weusuallyfocusonthebonesandmusclesinthelegsandfeet.Butforfour-leggedcritters,it’sthefootpadsthatultimatelysupporttheanimal’sweight.Soscientists[Kai-JungChi,NationalChung-HsingUniversity,RepublicofChina(Taiwan)andV.LouiseRoth,DukeUniversity]decidedtotakeacloserlookatthese“naturalshoes”indifferent-sizedcarnivores,includingdogs,cats,wolves,leopardsandhyenas.
Andtheyfoundthattherelativelysmallerfootpadsof,say,leopardsaremuchstifferthanthoseoflittlebittykitties.Apparentlysothatthebigcats’feetcanhandlethestressofthegreaterbodyweight.Ifatiger’spawswereassoftasahousecat’s,he’dneedhippo-sizedfeettostand.
It’ssaidthatthebiggertheyare,thehardertheyfall.Butnowweknowthatthebiggertheyare,thehardertheirfeet.
—KarenHopkin
SinkingShipsImplyAltruismTakesTime
AstudyintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofScienceslookedatthesurvivalratesofmen,womanandchildrenfromtheTitanicandtheLusitania,andfoundmoremenstayedalivewhentheshipwentdownfast,andpanicovertookchivalry.KarenHopkinreports
March2,2010
Whenanoceanlinerstartstakingonwater,whatgovernswhetherit’s“womenandchildrenfirst”or“everymanforhimself”?
AccordingtoareportintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences[see:
http:
//bit.ly/clUjR2,leadauthorBennoTorgler],men’saltruisticversusself-servingbehaviordependsonhowquicklytheshipsinks.
OnApril14th,1912,theTitanichitanicebergandtooknearlythreehourstoslipbeneaththewaves.Some1,500peopleperished.Andthesurvivorstendedtobefemaleoryoung.TheTitanic’swomenwereover50percentmorelikelytomakeitthanwerethemales,andchildrenhada15percentbetterchanceofbeingrescuedthanadults.
ButkidswerenotasluckyontheLusitania,whichthreeyearslatersankjust18minutesafterbeinghitbyaGermantorpedo.Inthissituationittrulywassurvivalofthefittest,withhealthyyoungmalesbeingthemostlikelytolivetotellthetale.
WhilepassengersontheLusitaniapanickedandscrambledforsurvival,scientistssaythatthoseontheTitanichadenoughtimetooverridetheiranimalsurvivalinstinctsanddothechivalrousthing.
—KarenHopkin
WhalePredecessorsHad100-Million-YearRun
AstudyinthejournalScienceshowsthatbonyfishfilter-feedersspent100millionyearsdevelopingandoccupyingthenichethatbaleenwhalesdonow.AnotherSciencestudyfindsthatwhalediversityhasbeendeterminedbythetypesoftinyorganismstheyeat.CynthiaGraberreports
March3,2010
Sometimesscientificdiscoveriesarehiddeninmuseumspecimendrawersandoldjournalarticles.IntwostudiesinthejournalScience,researcherswhowentthroughthestuffininstitutionalatticsoffernewinsightsintothedevelopmentanddiversityoffilter-feedingwhales—andthefishthatfirstoccupiedthatecologicalniche.
Ithadbeenthoughtthatmammoth,filter-feedingfish—whichswamthroughthewaterwithagaping,openmouth,collectingtinymarinecreatures—onlylivedfleetinglybeforewhalestooktheirplaceinthefoodchain.
Butaresearchteam[ledbyMattFriedman,UniversityofOxford]decidedtotakeacloserlookatmuseumfossilsofbony,pre-historicfishthathadeitherbeenmisclassifiedorignored.Theyalsoreexaminedpreviousstudies.Theinvestigatorsnowsaythatthesefishfilter-feederslivedfromabout170to65millionyearsago,ahealthystretchinwhichtopioneerandperfecttheniche.
Inarelatedstudy,scientists[FelixMarx,UniversityofOtago,NewZealandandMarkUhen,GeorgeMasonUniversity]showthatwhenfilter-feedingwhalestookoverfrombonyfish,theirdiversitywaslinkedtothediversityoftheirdinner—thetinycreaturesattheverybottomofthefoodchain–tinyalgaeknownasdiatoms.
Newinsightsintosomeofthelargest—andsmallest—creaturesontheplanet.
—CynthiaGraber
RecyclingSomeHospitalWaste(NottheReallyGrossKind)
AstudyinthejournalAcademicMedicineshowsthatmillionsofdollarsandpoundsofrefusecanbesavedbyrecyclingsomemedicallyrelatedwastethatoftengetsthrownawaywithoutevenbeingused.CynthiaGraberreports
March4,2010
Thefoodindustryleadsthenationinpoundsofwasteproducedannually.So,what’ssecond?
It’shealthcarefacilities.Theydisposeofmorethanfourbillionpoundsofwasteeachyear.
Anothershocker?
Alotofthatwasteisperfectlyfunctional.Infact,ithasn’tbeenusedatall.Forinstance,manysurgicaldevicesmayberemovedfrompackaging,butnotusedinanoperation.Theystillgetthrownaway.
ResearchersfromJohnsHopkins[ledbyMartinMakary]discussthewasteproblemintheMarchissueofthejournalAcademicMedicine.Theysaythat25to40percentofequipmentcanbesafelyreusedviawhat’scalledreprocessing.Thematerialsneedtogothroughcarefultreatments,suchascleaning,sterilizationand,attimes,remanufacturing.Butthestudy’sauthorssaythatfollowingreprocessing,there’snodifferenceinsafetyandsterility.
Infact,Hopkinshasalreadysavedaboutahalf-milliondollarsbyreprocessing.AndBannerHealthinPhoenix,alsomentionedinthestudy,saved$1.5millionandvastamountsofwaste.Theresearchersconcludethatreprocessingoffersawayforhospitalstoreducewasteandcosts.Somethingthat,inthecurrenthealthcaredebate,shouldappealtoeveryoneonbothsidesofthepoliticalaisle.
—CynthiaGraber
Mosquitoes,NotBirds,MadeWestNileNational
AstudyinthejournalMolecularEcologylookedatWestNileVirusspreadversusbirdmigrationpatternsandmosquitomovementandconcludedmosquitoes,notbirds,wereprobablytheprimaryvectorfortakingthediseasecoasttocoastinjustfiveyears.AdamHinterthuerreports
March5,2010
In1999WestNilevirusinfecteditsfirstAmerican,inNewYork.By2004,thediseasehadspreadacrossthecountry.Researchersspeculatedthat,forthediseasetospreadsofarsoquickly,birdsmusthavehelped.Somespeciescouldcarrythediseaseandpassitontomosquitoes,whichwouldtheninfecthumans.ButareportpublishedMarch2ndinthejournalMolecularEcology[notavailableonlineasthisepisodewasposted]saysmosquitoesdidn’tneedamiddleman.Orinthiscase,amiddlebird.
Researchers[JasonRasgon,BloombergSchoolofPublicHealth,JohnsHopkinsandMeeraVenkatesan,HowardHughesMedicalInstitute]noticedthatWestNilevirusdidn'tmovenorth-southalongmigratorybirdroutes.Nordidit"leapfrog"acrosslargeareasinthemannerofabirdtravelingfarfromwhereitwasinfected.
ThescientistsfocusedonadifferentsuspectandobtainedmosquitoDNAfrom20sitesinthewesternU.S.TheyfoundthreeclustersofaspeciesknowntocarryWestNile.Surprisingly,theyfoundextensivegeneflowbetweenthesepopulations,whichmeantmosquitoestraveledbetweengroups.Insomecases,thesemosquitoescoveredarangejustaslargeasthatofthebirdsfirstfingeredintheoutbreak.Sobirdloverstakeheart,yourfeatheredfriendsareinnocentavians.
—AdamHinterthuer
AttentionShoppers:
YouUnderestimatedYourBill
AstudyintheJournalofMarketingshowsthatshoppersarenotgoodatestimatingthetotalcostofwhattheyhaveintheirshoppingcarts.KarenHopkinreports
March8,2010
So,they’rescanningyouritemsatthegrocerystore,andwhenthelasttomatogetsbaggedyou’restunnedatthecost.Howdidyouspendsomuch?
Maybethosecherrieswere12bucksapound.Ormaybeyoushouldhavepaidmoreattentiontowhatyouputinthewagon.Thenagain,maybenot.BecauseanewstudyintheJournalofMarketingshowsthatthehardershopperstrytokeeptrackofwhatthey’respending,theworsetheyactuallydo.
Withtheeconomystillinthedumps,stickingtoabudgetiskey.Andfood’samajorexpense.Soalotofshopperstrytokeepamentaltallyofwhattheytossintothecartastheygoalong.Scientists[KoertvanIttersum,JoostM.E.PenningsandBrianWansink]interviewed300shoppers,andfoundthatmorethanhalfofthemtrytocrunchthenumberswithoutacalculatororevenapenandpaper.Thetroubleisdoingthatmathinyourheadishard.Asaresult,theyunderestimatetheirtotalcost,andendupoverspending.
Onetrick,thescientistssay,istocountwhat’sinyourcartandmultiplybyaguesstimateoftheaveragecostoftheitems.Soninethingsat$2apopshouldgiveyouchangeofatwenty.It’snotperfect,butit’llalsotellyouwhetheryoucangetinthe12itemsorlesslane.
—KarenHopkin
DoesGettingFatProtectagainstFat?
InapaperinthejournalTrendsinEndocrinologyandMetabolism,researchersarguethatgettingfatisthebody'swayofstoringfatcorrectly,andthatmetabolicproblemskickinwhenwegetsofatthatfatinfiltratesorgansnotequippedtodealwithit.KarenHopkinreports
March9,2010
Everyoneknowsthatobesity
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