Gale文学术语GlossryofTerms.docx
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Gale文学术语GlossryofTerms.docx
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Gale文学术语GlossryofTerms
GlossaryofTerms
A
Abstract:
Usedasanoun,thetermreferstoashortsummaryoroutlineofalongerwork.Asanadjectiveappliedtowritingorliteraryworks,abstractreferstowordsorphrasesthatnamethingsnotknowablethroughthefivesenses.
Examplesofabstractsincludethe CliffsNotes summariesofmajorliteraryworks.Examplesofabstracttermsorconceptsinclude"idea,""guilt""honesty,"and"loyalty."(Comparewith Concrete.)
Absurd,Theaterofthe:
See TheateroftheAbsurd
Absurdism:
See TheateroftheAbsurd
Accent:
Theemphasisorstressplacedonasyllablein poetry.Traditionalpoetrycommonlyusespatternsofaccentedandunaccentedsyllables(knownasfeet)thatcreatedistinctrhythms.Muchmodernpoetryuseslessformalarrangementsthatcreateasenseoffreedomandspontaneity.
ThefollowinglinefromWilliamShakespeare's Hamlet:
"Tobeornottobe:
thatisthequestion"
hasfiveaccents,onthewords"be,""not,""be,"and"that,"andthefirstsyllableof"question."(Seealso Cadence, Foot, Measure, Meter, poem, Poetics, Poetry,Scansion, SprungRhythm, Verse,and Versification.)
Act:
Amajorsectionofa play.Actsaredividedintovaryingnumbersofshorterscenes.Fromancienttimestothenineteenthcenturyplaysweregenerallyconstructedoffiveacts,butmodernworkstypicallyconsistofone,two,orthreeacts.
Examplesoffive-actplaysincludetheworksofSophoclesandShakespeare,whiletheplaysofArthurMillercommonlyhaveathree-actstructure.(ComparewithScene.)(Seealso drama.)
Acto:
Aone-act Chicanotheaterpiecedevelopedoutofcollectiveimprovisation.
Actos wereperformedbymembersofLuisValdez'sTeatroCampesinoinCaliforniaduringthemid-1960s.
Aestheticism:
Aliteraryandartisticmovementofthenineteenthcentury.Followersofthemovementbelievedthatartshouldnotbemixedwithsocial,political,ormoralteaching.Thestatement"artforart'ssake"isagoodsummaryofaestheticism.ThemovementhaditsrootsinFrance,butitgainedwidespreadimportanceinEnglandinthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury,whereithelpedchangetheVictorianpracticeofincludingmorallessonsin literature.
OscarWildeisoneofthebest-known"aesthetes"ofthelatenineteenthcentury.
(Seealso Decadents.)
AffectiveFallacy:
(AlsoknownasSympatheticFallacy.)Anerrorinjudgingthemeritsorfaultsofaworkof literature.The"error"resultsfromstressingtheimportanceofthework'seffectuponthereader—thatis,howitmakesareader"feel"emotionally,whatitdoesasaliterarywork—insteadofstressingitsinnerqualitiesasacreatedobject,orwhatit"is."
TheaffectivefallacyisevidentinAristotle'spreceptfromhis Poeticsthatthepurposeof tragedy istoevoke"fearandpity"initsspectators.
AgeofJohnson:
(AlsoknownasAgeofSensibility).TheperiodinEnglishliterature between1750and1798,namedafterthemostprominentliteraryfigureoftheage,SamuelJohnson.Workswrittenduringthistimearenotedfortheiremphasison"sensibility,"oremotionalquality.TheseworksformedatransitionbetweentherationalworksoftheAgeofReason,orNeoclassicalperiod,andtheemphasisonindividualfeelingsandresponsesoftheRomanticperiod.
SignificantwritersduringtheAgeofJohnsonincludedthenovelistsAnnRadcliffeandHenryMackenzie,dramatistsRichardSheridanandOliverGoldsmith,andpoetsWilliamCollinsandThomasGray.(Comparewith Neoclassicismandromanticism.)
AgeofReason:
See Neoclassicism
AgeofSensibility:
See AgeofJohnson
Agrarians:
AgroupofSouthernAmericanwritersofthe1930sand1940swhofosteredaneconomicandculturalprogramfortheSouthbasedonagriculture,inoppositiontotheindustrialsocietyoftheNorth.Thetermcanrefertoanygroupthatpromotesthevalueoffarmlifeandagriculturalsociety.
MembersoftheoriginalAgrariansincludedJohnCroweRansom,AllenTate,andRobertPennWarren.
AlexandrineMeter:
See Meter
Allegory:
A narrativetechniqueinwhich charactersrepresentingthingsorabstract ideasareusedtoconveyamessageorteachalesson.Allegoryistypicallyusedtoteachmoral,ethical,orreligiouslessonsbutissometimesusedforsatiricorpoliticalpurposes.
ExamplesofallegoricalworksincludeEdmundSpenser's TheFaerieQueene andJohnBunyan's ThePilgrim'sProgress.
(Seealso Exemplumand Fable.)
Alliteration:
Apoeticdevicewherethefirstconsonantsoundsoranyvowelsoundsinwordsorsyllablesarerepeated.
Thefollowing description oftheGreenKnightfromtheanonymous SirGawainandtheGreenKnight givesanexampleofalliteration:
Andin guiseallof green,the gearandtheman:
A coat cut close,that clungtohissides
Ana mantleto match, madewithalining
Of furscutand fitted—the fabricwasnoble....
(Comparewith Assonanceand rhyme.)(Seealso poem, Poetics, Poetry, Verse,andVersification.)
Allusion:
Areferencetoafamiliarliteraryorhistoricalpersonorevent,usedtomakeanideamoreeasilyunderstood.
Forexample,describingsomeoneasa"Romeo"makesanallusiontoWilliamShakespeare'sfamousyoungloverin RomeoandJuliet.
AmerindLiterature:
ThewritingandoraltraditionsofNativeAmericans.NativeAmerican literaturewasoriginallypassedonbywordofmouth,soitconsistedlargelyofstoriesandeventsthatwereeasilymemorized.Amerindproseisoftenrhythmiclike Poetry becauseitwasrecitedtothebeatofaceremonialdrum.
ExamplesofAmerindliteratureincludetheautobiographical BlackElkSpeaks, theworksofN.ScottMomaday,JamesWelch,andCraigLeeStrete,andthepoetryofLuciTapahonso.
Analogy:
Acomparisonoftwothingsmadetoexplainsomethingunfamiliarthroughitssimilaritiestosomethingfamiliar,ortoproveonepointbasedontheacceptednessofanother. Similesand metaphorsaretypesofanalogies.
Analogiesoftentakethe formofanextended simile,asinWilliamBlake'saphorism:
"Asthecaterpillarchoosesthefairestleavestolayhereggson,sothepriestlayshiscurseonthefairestjoys."(Comparewith Simileand Metaphor.)
Anapest:
See Foot
AngryYoungMen:
AgroupofBritishwritersofthe1950swhoseworkexpressedbitternessanddisillusionmentwithsociety.Commontotheirworkisananti-hero whorebelsagainstacorruptsocialorderandstrivesforpersonalintegrity.
ThetermhasbeenusedtodescribeKingsleyAmis,JohnOsborne,ColinWilson,JohnWain,andothers.
Antagonist:
Themajor characterina narrativeor dramawhoworksagainsttheheroor protagonist.
AnexampleofanevilantagonistisRichardLovelaceinSamuelRichardson'sClarissa, whileavirtuousantagonistisMacduffinWilliamShakespeare'sMacbeth.(Comparewith protagonist.)(Seealso anti-hero, conflict.)
Anthropomorphism:
Thepresentationofanimalsorobjectsinhumanshapeorwithhumancharacteristics.ThetermisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"humanform."
The FablesofAesop,theanimatedfilmsofWaltDisney,andRichardAdams'sWatershipDownfeatureanthropomorphic characters.(ComparewithPersonification.)
Anti-hero:
Acentral characterinaworkof literature wholackstraditionalheroicqualitiessuchascourage,physicalprowess,andfortitude.Anti-herostypicallydistrustconventionalvaluesandareunabletocommitthemselvestoanyideals.Theygenerallyfeelhelplessinaworldoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol.Anti-heroesusuallyaccept,andoftencelebrate,theirpositionsassocialoutcasts.
Awell-knownanti-heroisYossarianinJosephHeller's novel Catch-22.(Comparewith Antagonist, Hero,and Protagonist.)
Antimasque:
See Masque
Anti-novel:
AtermcoinedbyFrenchcriticJean-PaulSartre.Itreferstoanyexperimentalworkof fictionthatavoidsthefamiliar conventionsofthe novel.Theanti-novelusuallyfragmentsanddistortstheexperienceofits characters,forcingthereadertoconstructtherealityofthestoryfromadisordered narrative.
Thebest-knownanti-novelistisAlainRobbe-Grillet,authorof Levoyeur.
Antithesis:
Theantithesisofsomethingisitsdirectopposite.In literature,theuseofantithesisasafigureofspeechresultsintwostatementsthatshowacontrastthroughthebalancingoftwooppositeideas.Technically,itisthesecondportionofthestatementthatisdefinedasthe"antithesis";thefirstportionisthe"thesis."
AnexampleofantithesisisfoundinthefollowingportionofAbrahamLincoln's"GettysburgAddress";noticetheoppositionbetweentheverbs"remember"and"forget"andthephrases"whatwesay"and"whattheydid":
"Theworldwilllittlenotenorlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butitcanneverforgetwhattheydidhere."
Apocrypha:
Writingstentativelyattributedtoanauthorbutnotprovenoruniversallyacceptedtobetheirworks.ThetermwasoriginallyappliedtocertainbooksoftheBiblethatwerenotconsideredinspiredandsowerenotincludedinthe"sacredcanon."
GeoffreyChaucer,WilliamShakespeare,ThomasKyd,ThomasMiddleton,andJohnMarstonallhaveapocrypha.ApocryphalbooksoftheBibleincludetheOldTestament'sBookofEnochandNewTestament'sGospelofThomas.
ApollonianandDionysian:
Thetwoimpulsesbelievedtoguideauthorsofdramatic tragedy.TheApollonianimpulseisnamedafterApollo,theGreekgodoflightandbeautyandthesymbolofintellectualorder.TheDionysianimpulseisnamedafterDionysus,theGreekgodofwineandthesymboloftheunrestrainedforcesofnature.TheApollonianimpulseistocreatearational,harmoniousworld,whiletheDionysianistoexpresstheirrationalforcesofpersonality.
FriedrichNietzcheusesthesetermsin TheBirthofTragedytodesignatecontrastingelementsinGreek tragedy.(Comparewith classicismandromanticism.)
Apostrophe:
Astatement,question,or
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