林肯影评.docx
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林肯影评.docx
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林肯影评
继前一年煽情烂俗的《战马》之后,斯皮尔伯格的新作《林肯》展现了严肃严谨的历史态度,全片没有炫目的特效场景和娱乐化的剪辑,也没有流水账的讲林肯的生平,而是围绕着美国宪法第13修正案的诞生。
首先我们要了解林肯推动这一修正案的法律动机,也就是他和内阁官员们把观众绕晕的那段对话(括号内是电影未提及但我做的补充):
美国宪法给总统以开战的权力,总统的开战权包括了将敌方的奴隶作为财产充公作为战时物资,但这样又有认可奴隶是财产的道德之嫌。
同时,没收敌方财产的法律只适用于好战敌对国家,但联邦政府不承认南方邦联是一个国家,甚至不承认南方州叛乱,只认为是叛乱者居住在南方,南方州处于战争状态而已(因为宪法规定联邦和州是对等的,州是可以退出联邦的,对退出联邦的州发动战争是违宪的)。
而美国宪法没有对奴隶制做出规定,而在南方州法律中他们是财产(宪法又规定私人财产神圣不可侵犯,以及没有赋予联邦政府的权利都属于各州和人民),所以不管是解放还是作为财产没收黑奴只能作为战时紧急措施,缺乏法律依据,在战后一定会受到最高法院的挑战,最终结果是奴隶制卷土重来,总统还会因为违宪而遭弹劾。
因此为了实践《解放奴隶宣言》,必须修改宪法(从而让不符合宪法的州法律被废除)。
通过宪法修正案需要众议院2/3的赞成票。
不得不承认,在罪恶的奴隶制度盛行的19世纪美国,甚至在内战中,对法律竟有如此严肃的态度,这也是把林肯和独裁者区别开以及把美国和其他国家区别开的根本理由。
因此即便南北战争打赢了,也并不代表废除奴隶制是天经地义的,具有主观色彩的正义并不能凌驾于法律之上。
而废奴在当时的美国是如此敏感的话题,以至于林肯的每一步都如履薄冰,甚至南北战争是以维护统一而非废奴为名开打的。
代表南方州的民主党自不必说,共和党温和派也主张以停战和平为先,以汤米·李·琼斯为代表的激进共和党人是废奴主义者,却又对林肯与其他派别妥协的态度不满。
共和党温和派支持第13修正案的条件是与南方和谈,而北方大部分人支持废奴的动机是废奴能迫使南方投降得到和平。
一旦和谈先成功,修正案就很难通过了。
可想而知,在如此荆棘丛生的形势中,林肯遇到的阻力有多大。
他不惜派政治说客与边缘民主党议员们进行灰色交易(说客中有一位的嘴脸颇为面熟---来自BostonLegal的AlanShore,可见本片的法律比重,同时也能想象这些交易不乏喜剧色彩),林肯也亲自出马收服共和党各派,甚至故意隐瞒南方已同意和谈的消息(和谈又是换取共和党温和派支持的代价)。
支撑他冒如此大风险的不仅仅是法律需求,更多的还是对人生而平等的信仰。
本片完全围绕这个修正案,没有直面激烈的战斗,甚至林肯遇刺也是侧面描写,仅有的高潮便是修正案获得通过的那一刻。
在高唱凯歌的游行队伍中,我被这个伟大的国家的伟大时刻感动了。
丹尼尔·戴·刘易斯不愧为二届奥斯卡影帝,他没有慷慨激昂的渲染正义,而是通过极度内敛的表演,平时轻声细语,时而举止粗鄙,关键时刻能当乾坤,把林肯还原为一个人,一个心怀信仰的普通美国人,而非纪念堂里的那座雕像。
在和谈内幕行将曝光,众人七嘴八舌的劝他放弃时,他有了唯一的一场情绪爆发,非常令人信服的把林肯的信仰传递到的每个观众心里。
虽然我们不能确定这就是历史上真实的林肯,但绝对是一个令人信服感动的林肯。
我支持他再度荣膺影帝。
StevenSpielberg'srecreationofthelastfourmonthsinthelifeofthe16thPresidentoftheUSAissombre,sincere,handsomeanddeeplyreverential.It'salsooneofthetalkiestmoviesevermade.TonyKushner'sscreenplaymakestheissueofslaveryitscentrepiece,butsetsitwithinsuchalongcrossfireofbackroomintrigues,politicalskulduggeryandrhetoricalblusterthatactualdramalooksreadytoexpireonthecarpet.
OnecouldpraiseSpielbergforhisrestraint,settingthetonewithahushedopeningsceneinwhichtwoblacksoldierstalk,intheaftermathofbattle,toaseatedfigure,halfinshadow,whoturnsouttobeMrLincolnhimself.It'sawonderfulreveal,forweseeatonceboththehomespunmodestyofthemanandtheimposinggrandeurofthePresident.Ifyouwatch LincolnfornothingelseyoushouldwatchitforDanielDay-Lewis,whosechameleonmagicsomehowputstheliving,breathingAberightinfrontofus.
Thelined,bewhiskeredfaceisareplica,butit'sinthesubtlerdetailsthatDay-Lewisseemstoinvokehispresence:
thevoice,alight,musingtenor(quitedifferentfromtheexpectedrumble),andhisawkward,haltinggaitarefaithfultocontemporaryaccounts.There'ssomethingmysteriouslyshrewdabouthim,too,evenwhenhe'sathishomeliestandplayingthegenialstoryteller–heseemstoexistonadifferentwavelengthtoeveryoneelse,includinghiswife,Mary(SallyField,cluckingforallshe'sworth),withwhomhestillgrievesoverthememoryofadeadson.IfDay-Lewisdoesn'tgettheBestActorOscarI'lleatmystovepipehat.
Onceyou'vegotoverthebrilliantimpersonation,however, Lincoln isa(barely)animatedhistorylesson,andapiousdrag.Throughthecigarsmokeandthegloomyoumaydiscernsomegoodperformances,byDavidStrathairnashisSecretaryofStateWilliamSeward,andbyTommyLeeJonesastheradicalabolitionistThaddeusStevens,withascowlandawigtomatch.JosephGordon-LevittputsfireintotheolderLincolnson,Robert,determinedagainsthisparents'wishestojoinupduringthelastgaspofthewaragainsttheConfederates.(Thereisoneglimpseofbrutalhand-to-handfightingatthestart,filmedwiththesamehallucinatorysenseofhorrorthatSpielberg'scinematographerJanuszKaminskibroughtto SavingPrivateRyan.)Kushnerworksupalittlecomicrelieffromatrioofscapegracelobbyists,playedbyJamesSpader,JohnHawkesandTimBlakeNelson,whogoaboutwranglingvotesinsupportofthe13thAmendment,thatis,theonetoabolishslavery.Butit'sthingrueltosustainusovertwoandahalfhours.
Talkinessneednotprecludedrama;thefilmImostadmiredlastyear,OnceUponaTimeinAnatolia,wasalsopackedwithscenesofbeardedmentalkingquietlyindarkenedrooms,yettheycrackledwithtensionandunarticulatedfeeling.ThedirectorNuriBilgeCeylantransformedwhatinitiallyseemedaparochialcrimestoryintoatranscendentruminationonguiltandremorse. Lincoln,ostensiblyaboutamanandhismission,isreallyaboutAmericagivingitselfapatonthebackforgettingridofslavery–just.AsignificantpointofinterestisthefinalreckoningintheHouse,andthehistoricalshameofthosestatesthatvotedagainstabolition–whowouldhaveguessedNewJerseytobeoneofthenaysayers?
Spielberg'sfilmwillmeanmuchtoanationthatmaintainsanear-childlikereverencefortheofficeofPresident,anditmaywellbecomeoneoftheirclassroomstandards.Idon'tthinkitwillbeembracedquitesogratefullybytherestoftheworld.
AbrahamLincolnWasaFrameroftheConstitution
ByWilsonHuhn
March12,2009
ItistimetorecognizeAbrahamLincolnasaprincipalframeroftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.[1]
TheDeclarationofIndependencestates:
Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.-Thattosecuretheserights,GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned....[2]
Asoriginallywritten,theConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesincorporatesmanyoftheidealswhichwerearticulatedintheDeclarationofIndependence.Ratifiedin1788,theConstitutionexpresslysoughtto“[S]ecuretheblessingsoflibertytoourselvesandourposterity....”[3] UndertheConstitution,Americanscreatedademocraticformofgovernmentwithlimitedpowersdelegatedtodifferentbranchesofgovernment.[4] TheConstitutionprohibitedtheestablishmentofanaristocracy[5] andprovidedforanumberofimportantindividualfreedomssuchashabeascorpus.[6] TheBillofRights,ratifiedin1791,addedseveralimportantenumeratedindividualrightsandprovidedfortherecognitionofunenumeratedrights.[7]
ButtherewasonebedrockprincipleoftheDeclarationthatwasnotwrittenintotheConstitutionatthefounding:
theconceptthat“allmenarecreatedequal.”NeithertheoriginalConstitutionnortheBillofRightsguaranteedequalitytoAmericancitizens.Therewasaverygoodreasonforthisomission-slavery.ManyoftheframersoftheConstitutionwereslaveholders,[8] andeventhosewhovehementlyopposedslavery,suchasBenjaminFranklin,[9] AlexanderHamilton,[10] JohnJay,[11] andGouveneurMorris,[12] werewillingtorecognizetheinstitutionofslaveryinordertobringthesouthernStatesintotheUnion.[13] ThedelegatestotheConstitutionalConventioncompromisedwithslaverybyenteringintowhatGeorgeMasonreferredtoasa“bargain”betweentheNorthandtheSouth,[14] andwhichtheabolitionistWilliamLloydGarrisoncalled“anagreementwithhellandacovenantwithdeath....”[15] Theword“slavery”wasnotusedintheConstitution,[16] butitwasacknowledgedandprotected.Slaveswerecountedasthree-fifthsofapersonforpurposesoftaxationandrepresentation.[17]Slaveswhoescapedfromcaptivityweretobereturnedtotheirowners.[18] Theslavetradewastobeprotectedforaperiodoftwentyyears.[19] SeventyyearsaftertheConstitutionwasdrafted,ChiefJusticeRogerTaneyruledthatslaverywasnotsimplyapropertyright,butasuperiorkindofpropertyright,becauseofthespecialprotectionsthatitenjoyedundertheConstitution.[20]
FollowingtheCivilWar,theUnitedStatesadoptedtheThirteenth,Fourteenth,andFifteenthAmendmentswhichabolishedslavery,guaranteedequalrightstoeveryAmerican,andgrantedAfricanAmericanstherighttovote.[21] JamesMcPhersonhasrightlycharacterizedtheCivilWaras“theSecondAmericanRevolution.”[22]TheseconstitutionalamendmentsestablishedtherightsthatAbrahamLincolnstoodforandfoughttoachieve.
Lincolnexpressedhisoppositiontoslaveryandhisdevotiontoequalityinnumerousspeeches,publicletters,andremarks.[23] HeburstuponthenationalscenewiththePeoriaAddress,inwhichheassertedthatslaverywasinconsistentwithself-government:
Thedoctrineofselfgovernmentisright—absolutelyandeternallyright—butithasnojustapplication,ashereattempted.OrperhapsIshouldrathersaythatwhetherithassuchjustapplicationdependsuponwhetheranegrois not or is aman.Ifheis not aman,whyinthatcase,hewho is amanmay,asamatterofself-government,dojustashepleaseswithhim.Butifthenegro is aman,isitnottothatextent,atotaldestructionofself-government,tosaythathetooshallnotgovern himself?
Whenthewhitemangovernshimselfthatisself-government;butwhenhegovernshimself,andalsogoverns another man,thatis morethanself-government—thatisdespotism.Ifthenegroisa man,whythenmyancientfaithteachesmethat“allmenarecreatedequal;”andthattherecanbenomoralrightinconnectionwithoneman’smakingaslaveofanother.
...[N]omanisgoodenoughtogovernanotherman, withoutthatother’sconsent.Isaythisistheleadingprinciple—thesheetanchorofAmericanrepublicanism.[24]
LincolnrepeatedlyandeloquentlyarguedthattheConstitutionshouldreflecttheprinciplesoftheDeclaration-inparticularthepreceptthatallmenarecreatedequal.Earlyin1857,bothSenatorStephenDouglasandChiefJusticeRogerTaneyhadtakenthepositionthatJefferson’sphraseintheDeclarationthat“allmenarecreatedequal”didnotembraceblackslaves.[25] OnJune26,1857,LincolnrespondedtobothDouglasand
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