中西方称谓对比分析研究.docx
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中西方称谓对比分析研究.docx
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中西方称谓对比分析研究
中西方称谓对比分析研究
AnAnalysisoftheDifferencesinFormsofAddressbetweenChinaandWesternCountries
Abstract:
Addressforms,asimportantcomponentsintheprocessofcommunication,arespeciallanguagemarkforinteraction.Thespeakerwillalwayschoosetheappropriateformsofaddressbecauseofthehearer'sage,occupation,status,identityandthedegreeofemotion.AddressformsinChinaandwesterncountriesbelongtodifferentaddressingsystemsandalsohavedifferentusagesofaddressterms.ThepaperwilldiscussthedifferencesofseveraltypesofaddressformsbetweenChinaandwesternCountries.Thisstudywillbehelpfulforpeopletoovercometheculturalobstaclesandmisunderstandingsbetweentheeastandwest.
Keywords:
addressforms;comparison;differences
摘 要:
称谓语是一种特殊的语言符号,是言语交往过程的重要组成部分。
由于年龄、职业、地位、身份及感情程度,说话者总会选择合适的称谓语。
但是由于中国和西方国家的称谓语是不同称谓系别,应用起来也会不同。
文章将论述中西方的几种称谓的差别,这对人们克服东西方文化障碍,避免造成误解有一定帮助。
本文将对四种称谓形式的不同应用及原因进行讨论,分别展现中西方不同的文化特点。
本文将重点探讨亲属称谓的异同。
关键词:
称谓语;比较;差异
Contents
I.Introduction……………………………………………………………………1
A.Necessityandimportanceofstudyingaddressforms………………………1
B.Situationofstudyingaddressforms………………………………………….1
1.SituationofstudyingaddressformsinChina……………………………..1
2.Situationofstudyingaddressformsabroad……………………………….2
C.Someessentialconceptsconcerningaddressforms…………………………3
II.ClassificationofAddressForms…………………………………………...3
A.ClassificationofaddressformsinEnglish…………………..………………3
B.ClassificationofaddressformsinChinese…………………………………4
III.TheSimilaritiesofAddressFormsinWesternCountriesandChina……………………………………………………………………..5
IV.GeneralIntroductionofThreeAddressForms………………..…5
A.Addressnames………………………………………………………………5
B.Addressofcourtesy………………………………………………………….6
C.Addressformsbasedonsocialrelations…………………………………....7
V.AddressofKinship…………………………………………………………….7
A.Definitionsofaddressofkinship…………………………………………….7
B.similaritiesinaddressofkinship…………………………………………….7
C.DifferencesofaddressofkinshipbetweenChinaandwesterncountries…8
1.Thedegreeofdefinitude…………………………………………………..8
a.Thedifferencesofkinshipaddressinagesandgeneration…………..9
b.Thedifferencesofaddressesinpaternalandmaternalrelationship...9
c.Thediversityinthegenderofaddresses……………………………...10
d.Acontrastin-lawrelationship……………………………...................10
2.Thedifferencesofextensiveness…………………………………………10
D.Reasonsandtheoriginofthedifferencesofaddressofkinship…………..11
1.Differencesoffamilyschema…………………………………………….11
2.Differencesofrelationshipbetweenpeople……………………………..11
3.Differencesofsocialvaluessystem………………………………………12
VI.Conclusion………………………………………………………….12
WorksCited…………………………………………………………….13
I.Introduction
A.Necessityandimportanceofstudyingaddressforms
Addressformsaretheimportantcomponentsintheprocessofspeechcommunication.Inmostcases,addressingisthefirstmessagesenttothepeople.Differentaddressformsnotonlyreflectthespeaker'ssocialstatus,butalsoexpressthespeaker'semotionandattitudestowardsthelistener.Inasense,implicationsinthecommunicationmaybeexpressedonlybyaddressforms.Ontheonehand,differentaddressformsreflectthedifferencesinthecommunicators'socialstatus;ontheotherhand,theymayindicatethespeaker'sfeelingsandattitudestowardsthelistener.
Whenwestudyanyaspectoflanguage,wewillinevitablyhavecertainlinguistictheories.Soitgoesthesamethingtothestudyofaddress.Inordertoexpressconcepts,communicatorswilldefinitelychooseaproperaddressform.“InthestudyofEnglishaddresssystem,AphFasolddifferentiatedtwokindsofaddressformsinpragmaticfunctions,thatis,theaddressformofindicatingsocialrelationshipandthesummonsesofgettingtheinterlocutor'sattention”(杨维忠12).Ervin-Trippheldtheviewthat“ifanindividualofthespecificstatuswasoncetitledwithanacceptednormalformofaddress,thenanydepartureorshiftinthereferredaddressformwouldsignifyacertainmessage”(132).Asamatteroffact,thetraditionalsociology,anthropology,ethnologyandlinguisticsmainlydosearchonthestructureofaddresssystemsandthevarioustraditionsinsocieties,peoples,cultureandhistoricaltraditions.
Incontrast,themodernsociolinguistics,inregardoftheapplicationsofaddressforms,notonlypaysmoreattentiontothedifferentspeechparticipantsindifferentsocialcontexts,butalsostudiesthemotivationsandregulationsthatthespeakerchooses.
Throughcategorizingandcomparing,thepaperdistinguishesChineseandEnglishaddressingforms,andconcludesthatproperuseofaddressingisofvitalimportancetoanysuccessfulinterculturalcommunication.
B.Situationofstudyingaddressforms
1.SituationofstudyingaddressformsinChina
InChina,therehavebeenseveralworksofaddressterms,whicharemainlyontheaddressofkinship.SomefamousscholarsevercriticizedthatsomeoverseaspapersontheChineseaddressofkinshipmerelylistedthenounsofthekinship,butnotexplainedthesocialsignificances.
Withthedevelopmentofsociolinguisticstheseyears,scholarsstartedtonoticetheusagesofaddressformsinthedailycommunicationofspeech.ChenYuanhasputforwardssomeformsandsemanticsofaddressthatoccurredinMainlandofChinasince1949.Heillustrateditwithanexampleof爱人andafreshusageoffriend(78-82).“TiYongshunpointedoutinhisAddressandItsUsagethattherearesomerelationsbetweenthetwoterms:
addressformsandsummonses”(杨维忠13).Anotherkindofresearchonaddressformwastocollectsomerealexamplesinthecommunicationofdailylife,andstudythechangesofChineseaddressresultingfromthesocialreforms.ScollonandZhuWanjinstudiedtheaddressformsofcomradeand师傅intheirpaper,andthesimilarresearchwasdoneinChenSongqin'sarticle.ZhuWanjinstudiedthevariousfactorsthatinfluencedthechoicesofaddressformsindifferentChinesecolonies.“HuWenzhongalsoanalyzedsuchfactorsindifferentChinesecolonies,suchasage,position”(杨维忠14).
Tosumup,manyscholarsinChinahavecometostudytheaddresssystemeitherfromthedifferentperspectivesorsomeconcreteissuesinapplication.Suchstudiesaregenerallystaticanddescriptive.Infact,theaddresstermsinaddresssystemarereallyvariedwiththefeaturesofregionandcommunity.Inotherwords,differentsocialcommunitiesorsocialclassesfromvariedregionsmayutilizetheirownaddresssystem.Therefore,tostudythevariousclassificationsofaddresssystemsandtheircharacteristicsinapplicationwillbesurelyimportantforustofindoutthekeyissues,forwhichsomeappropriateexplanationscanbegivenaccordingly.
2.Situationofstudyingaddressformsabroad.
TheresearchabouttheaddresssystemofwesterncountrieswastheclassicworkthatRogerBrownandMargueriteFordpublishedin1960s.Inaddition,Ervin-Tripptookaquitedifferentapproachtothestudyoftheapplicationofaddressforms.Shepresentedtheaddressformsystem,withthehelpofaflowchartdevelopedbyGeoghegan.
TheErvin-Tripp'scomputerflowchartformatofaddresssystemoutlinesthegeneralrulesofchoiceinanearlyideallinguisticsituationanditpossessestherealgeneralization.Meanwhile,itshowsthatthechoiceandcertaintyoftheaddresssemanticarenotassimpleasexpectedcommonly.
Asamatteroffact,wehavenoticedthatErvin-Tripp,ZhuWanjinandotherscholarsindomesticandoverseashadnotprovidedintheflowchartanyevidenceassociatedwiththethoughtprocesswhenspeakerschosetherelativeformsofaddress,butregardeditasalogicmodulethatcouldcovertheapplicationsituationofalladdressforms.
C.Someessentialconceptsconcerningaddressforms
Addressformsarefrequentlyusedindailycommunications.Peopleuseaddressformssubconsciouslyandnaturallyandfeweverthinkoverit.ActuallyPeopleinancienttimesdidnotgiveacompletedefinitionforaddressforms.Notuntilmoderntimes,withthearisingofsociolinguistics,addressformsbecomeaspiritedtopicforlinguistics.Peoplemakeattemptstodefinitelydefineaddressforms.However,todefineaddressformsisnotaneasytaskbecausetheyinvolvemanyaspects.Therearevariousdefinitionsmadefromdifferentperspectives.
1)“Thetermsusedtorefertosomeoneindirectlinguisticinteraction”(Crystal19).
2)“Anaddresstermisanumericallyandattitudinallymarkeddesignatorwhich(a)functionsasaparticletopronominalyoutoformanotionallyparadigmaticphrasalyou;(b)consistsofnames,words,oracombinationofboth;(c)isusedforthebenefitofaspeaker,addressee,orathirdpartyhearereitheroptionallyornecessarilyforgrammatical,practical,social,emotionalorexternallyimposedreasons”(Dunkling22).
3)“Addresstermisaformusedtoreferto,ortonameapersondirectlyinspeechorwriting”(Wales9).
4)“Anameoratitle,especiallyonethatisformalanddescriptive”(LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish245).
5)“Addressformsarethewordsspeakersusetodesignatethepersonwhiletheyaretalkingtothem”(Fasold201).
II.ClassificationofAddressForms
Asfortheclassificationofaddressforms,differentresearchershavedifferentopinions.
A.Classificationofaddressformsinwesterncountries
Fasold(200)haspointedoutthattherearetwokindsofaddressforms:
namesandsecondpersonpronouns.Namesarefurtherdividedintokinterms,termsofreferenceandsummonsfortheconvenienceofstudies.
Hudson(184)dividesaddressformsintovocativesandreferringnamesinordertoshowthatPower-solidarityrelationship
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- 关 键 词:
- 中西方 称谓 对比 分析研究
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