美国科学教育.docx
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美国科学教育.docx
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美国科学教育
DialogueonEarlyChildhoodScience,Mathematics,andTechnologyEducation
FirstExperiencesinScience,Mathematics,andTechnology
ScienceinEarlyChildhood:
DevelopingandAcquiringFundamentalConceptsandSkills
KarenK.Lind
OneofthestrongestthemesintheNationalScienceEducationStandards(NSES)(NationalResearchCouncil1996)andBenchmarksforScienceLiteracy(Benchmarks)(AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience1993)isthatallchildrencanlearnscienceandthatallchildrenshouldhavetheopportunitytobecomescientificallyliterate.Inorderforthislearningtohappen,theefforttointroducechildrentotheessentialexperiencesofscienceinquiryandexplorationsmustbeginatanearlyage.
Anationalconsensushasevolvedaroundwhatconstituteseffectivescienceteachingandlearningforyoungchildren.Morethaneverbefore,educatorsagreethatpreschool-levelandprimary-levelscienceisanactiveenterprise.Scienceisunderstoodtobeaprocessoffindingoutandasystemfororganizingandreportingdiscoveries.Ratherthanbeingviewedasthememorizationoffacts,scienceisseenasawayofthinkingandtryingtounderstandtheworld.ThisagreementcanbeseeninthenationalreformdocumentsNSES,Benchmarks,andScienceforAllAmericans(AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience1989.)BothNSESandBenchmarksarealignedwiththeguidelinesfromtheNationalAssociationfortheEducationofYoungChildren(Bredekamp1987;BredekampandRosegrant1992;BredekampandCopple1997).
Thereformdocumentsmentionedinthepreviousparagraphespouse(信奉)theideathatactive,hands-on,conceptuallearningprovidesmeaningfulandrelevantlearningexperiences.ThesedocumentsalsoreinforceOakes’(1990)observationthatallstudents,especiallythoseinunderrepresentedgroups(弱势群体),needtolearnscientificskillssuchasobservationandanalysisataveryyoungage.
Thispaperdescribeshowfundamentalconceptsandskillsaredevelopedfrominfancythroughtheprimaryyearsandoffersstrategiesforhelpingstudentstoacquiretheskillsneededforinquirylearning.Itprovidesanoverviewofteachingandlearningscienceintheearlyyears,emphasizingtheimportanceofselectingsciencecontentthatmatchesthecognitivecapacitiesofstudents.
HowFundamentalConceptsandSkillsDevelop
Asanyscientistknows,thebestwaytolearnscienceistodoscience.Thisistheonlywaytogettotherealbusinessofaskingquestions,conductinginvestigations,collectingdata,andlookingforanswers.Withyoungchildren,thisstrategycanbestbeaccomplishedbyexaminingnaturalphenomenathatcanbestudiedovertime.Childrenneedtohaveachancetoaskandanswerquestions,doinvestigations,andlearntoapplyproblem-solvingskills.Active,hands-on,student-centeredinquiryisatthecoreofgoodscienceeducation.
Conceptsarethebuildingblocksofknowledge;theyallowpeopletoorganizeandcategorizeinformation.Duringearlychildhood,childrenactivelyengageinacquiringfundamentalconceptsandinlearningfundamentalprocessskills.Aswewatchchildrenintheireverydayactivitiesatvariousstagesofdevelopment,wecanobservethemconstructingandusingconceptssuchas
∙one-to-onecorrespondence—puttingpegsinpegboardholesorpassingoneappletoeachchildatthetable;
∙counting—countingthepenniesfromthepennybankorthenumberofstrawsneededforeverychildatthetable;
∙classifying—placingsquareshapesinonepileandroundshapesinanotherorputtingcarsinonegarageandtrucksinanother;and
∙measuring—pouringsand,water,rice,orothermaterialsfromonecontainertoanother.
Youngchildrenbegintoconstructmanyconceptsduringthepre-primaryperiod,includingmathematicsandscienceconcepts.Theyalsodeveloptheprocessesthatenablethemtoapplytheirnewlyacquiredconcepts,expandexistingconcepts,anddevelopnewones.Astheyentertheprimaryperiod(gradesonethroughthree),childrenapplytheirearly,basicconceptswhenexploringmoreabstractinquiriesandconceptsinscience.Usingtheseconceptsalsohelpsthemunderstandmorecomplexconceptsinmathematicssuchasmultiplication,division,andtheuseofstandardunitsofmeasurement(CharlesworthandLind1995).
Conceptsusedinsciencegrowanddevelopasearlyasinfancy.Babiesexploretheworldwiththeirsenses.Theylook,touch,smell,hear,andtaste.Childrenareborncuriousandwanttoknowallabouttheirenvironment.Aschildrenlearntocrawl,tostand,andtowalk,theyarefreetodiscovermoreontheirownandlearntothinkforthemselves.Theybegintolearnideasofsize:
Astheylookabout,theysensetheirrelativesmallness.Theygoover,under,andintolargeobjectsanddiscoverthesizeoftheseobjectsrelativetotheirownsize.Theygraspthingsandfindthatsomefittheirt
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