国际经济学国际贸易部分美Dominicks Salvatore 第三部分Chapter 5 6.docx

国际经济学国际贸易部分美Dominicks Salvatore 第三部分Chapter 5 6.docx

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国际经济学国际贸易部分美DominicksSalvatore第三部分Chapter56

Chapter5Heckscher-OhlinTheory

•Explainthebasisofcomparativeadvantage

•AnalyzetheeffectthatinternationalTradehasontheearningsoffactorsofproductioninthetwotradingnations.

5.1AssumptionsoftheTheoryandthemeaning

1.Therearetwonations（Nation1andNation2）,twocommodities（commodityXandcommodityY）,andtwofactorsofproduction（laborandcapital）.

2.Bothnationsusethesametechnologyinproduction.

3.CommodityXislaborintensiveandcommodityYiscapitalintensiveinbothnations.

•CommodityXrequiresrelativelymorelabortoproducethancommodityYinbothnations.Thatis,labor-capitalratio（L/K）ishigherforcommodityXthanforcommodityYinbothnationsatthesamerelativefactorprice.

4.Bothcommoditiesareproducedunderconstantreturnstoscaleinbothnations.

5.Thereisincompletespecializationinproductioninbothnations.

6.Tastesareequalinbothnations.

7.Thereisperfectcompetitioninbothcommoditiesandfactormarketsinbothnations.

8.Thereisperfectfactormobilitywithineachnationbutnointernationalfactormobility.

9.Therearenotransportationcosts,tariffs,orotherobstructionstothefreeflowofinternationaltrade.

10.Allresourcesarefullyemployedinbothnations.

11.Internationaltradebetweenthetwonationsisbalanced.

5.2FactorIntensity,FactorAbundanceandtheshapeoftheproductionFrontier

5.2.1FactorIntensity

WesaythatcommodityYiscapitalintensiveifcapital-laborratio（K/L）usedintheproductionofYisgreaterthanK/LusedintheproductionofX.

5.2.2FactorAbundance

Therearetwowaystodefinefactorabundance.Onewayisintermsofphysicalunits（i.e.,intermsoftheoverallamountofcapitalandlaboravailabletoeachnation）.Anotherwaytodefinefactorabundanceisintermsofrelativefactorprices（i.e.,intermsoftherentalpriceofcapitalandthepriceoflabortimeineachnation）.

1.Nation2iscapitalabundantiftheratioofthetotalamountofcapitaltothetotalamountoflabor（TK/TL）availableinnation2isgreaterthanthatinNation1（physicalunits）.

2.Nation2iscapitalabundantiftheratioofrentalpriceofcapitaltothepriceoflabor（PK/PL）islowerinNation2thaninNation1（factorprice）.

5.3TheHeckscaher-OhlinTheory

5.3.1Introduction

5.3.2TheHeckscher-OhlinTheorem

Anationwillexportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofthenation’srelativelyabundantandcheapfactorandimportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofthenation’srelativelyscarceandexpensivefactor.Inshort,therelativelylabor-richnationexportstherelativelylabor-intensivecommodityandimportstherelativelycapital-intensivecommodity.

5.3.3GeneralEquilibriumFrameworkoftheH-OTheory.

5.3.4IllustrationoftheH-OTheory

5.3.5AsimpletestificationoftheH-Otheory

例：

技术系数·要素价格·成本差距表

（1）技术系数

劳动（A）资本（B）

（2）要素价格

劳动（W）资本（R）

（3）成本

P=W·A+R·B

I国

0.750.25

0.250.75

40日元200日元

40日元200日元

PX=80日元

PY=160日元

II国

0.750.25

0.250.75

1美元1美元

1美元1美元

Px=1美元

Py=1美元

I国用大写母、II国用小写字母来表示。

X商品不加撇，Y商品则加撇。

在一般情况下，大写字母、不加撇就是在说明I国X商品。

现在假定商品成本P可以按下式计划：

P=W·A+R·B

（1）

这里A和B是每单位产品所需要的劳动量和资本量，W是劳动价格，即工资，R是资本价格，即利润率（=利息率）。

同时还要做如下假定：

1．每种商品的生产技术系数两国完全相同。

即：

A=a，B=b，A'=a'，B'=b'

（2）

因此这种情况称为“同一技术系数”即：

，

2．但是同X商品相比，Y商品采取资本密集的技术系数即：

（3）

3．各国国内生产要素可以自由流动，通过市场的完全竞争，等质的生产要素在各产业部门都得到相同的报酬，不存在工资差异和利润率差异：

W=W'，R=R'，w=w'，r=r'（4）

4．但是劳动和资本的相对价格Q=W/R两国相比，1国劳动较便宜，资本较贵，即：

Q=Q'＜q=q'（5）

做了上述准备，根据假定的（3）式和（5）式，最后如能证明I国X商品、II国Y商品具有比较优势就可以了。

即证明PX/PY＜px/py，换言之能证明PX/PY－px/py＜0就可以了。

根据

（1）式：

再把

（2）式和（4）式考虑进去，就成为：

但是根据假定，Q＜q，ρ＜ρ'，所以（Q－q）＜0，（ρ'－ρ）＞0，即：

（Q－q）（ρ1'－ρ1）＜0（6）

因此，最后整个式子是负数。

从而证明了PX/PY－px/py＜0，即PX/PY＜px/py

5.4Factor-PriceEqualizationTheoremandIncomeDistribution

ItwasPaulSamuelson（1976NobelPrizeineconomics）whorigorouslyprovedthistheorem（corollary）（alsocalledH-O-Stheorem）

5.4.1TheFactor-priceEqualizationTheorem

•Wecanstatethefactor-priceequalization（H-O-S）theoremasfollows:

Internationaltradewillbringaboutequalizationintherelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrossnations.Assuch,internationaltradeisasubstitutefortheinternationalmobilityoffactors.

•Forexample:

Laborinalltradingnationswillhavethesamereturn（wages）;capitalreturnwillbethesametoo.

•Innational1,WeknowthatintheabsenceoftradetherelativepriceofcommodityXislowerinNation1thaninNation2becausetherelativepriceoflabor,orthewagerate,islowerinNation1.AsNation1specializesintheproductionofcommodityX（theL-intensivecommodity）andreducesitsproductionofcommodityY（theK-intensivecommodity）,therelativedemandforlaborrises,causingwages（W）torise,whiletherelativedemandforcapitalfalls,causingtheinterestrate（r）tofall.

5.4.2RelativeandAbsoluteFactor-PriceEqualization

Ifalltheassumptionshold.Therewouldbeaonetoonerelationshipbetweenw/randPX/PY.

•Relativefactor-priceequalizationmeans

andalsow/r=（w/r）*

seeFigure5-5

•Absolutefactor-pricesequalization

①Equationofalsolutefactorpricesmeansthatfreeinternationaltradealsoequalizestherealwagesforthesametypeoflaborinthetwonationsandtherealrateofinterestforthesametypeofcapitalinthetwonations.

②proof

Euler'stheorem:

ifconstantreturnstoscaleprevailinproductionandifeachfactorisrewarded（paid）accordingtoitsproductivity,theoutputproducedisexhaustedandjustexhausted.Specifically,themarginalphysicalproductoflabor

（MPL）timestheamountoflaborusedinproduction（L）plusthemarginalphysicalproductofcapital（MPK）timestheamountofcapitalusedinproduction（K）exactlyequalstheoutputproduced.ThesameistrueforcommodityY.Inequationform,Euler'stheoremintheproductionofcommodityXcanbeexpressedas

（MPL）（L）+（MPK）（K）=X（5A-1）

DividingbothsidesbyLandrearranging:

X/L=MPL+（MPK）（K）/L（5A-2）

FactoringoutMPL:

X/L=MPL[（1+K/L）（MPK/MPL）]（5A-3）

Withtrade,Nation1producesatpointBandNation2producesatpointB'.SinceatpointsBandB',w/risthesameinbothnations,MPK/MPLisalsothesameinbothnations.WealsoknowthatatpointsBandB',K/LintheproductionofcommodityXisthesameinbothnations.Finally,X/ListheaverageproductoflaborintheproductionofcommodityX—andthisisalsothesameinthetwonationsbecauseoftheassumptionsofconstantreturnstoscaleandthesametechnology.Asaresult,thelastremainingcomponent（MPL）inequation5A-3mustalsobethesameintheproductionofcommodityXinbothnationsifEquation5A-3istohold.

5.4.3EffectofTradeontheDistributionofIncome.

•TradeIncreasesthepriceofthenation'sabundantandcheapfactorandreducesthepriceofitsscarceandexpensivefactor.

•TherealincomeofLaborandofownersofCapitalmoveinthesomedirectionasthemovementinfactorprices.

•E.g.developednationscaseanddevelopingnationscaseandthepolicyimplication.

•empiricalRelevance

Sometimes,itismorerealistictosaythatinternationaltradehasreduced,ratherthancompletelyeliminated,theinternationaldifferenceinthereturnstohomogeneousfactors.

5.5theLeontiefParadox

•ThefirstempiricaltestoftheH-OmodelwasconductedbyWassilyLeontief.

•Forthistest,Leontiefutilizedtheinput-outputtableoftheU.S.economytocalculatetheamountoflaborandcapitalina"representativebundle"of$1millionworthofU.S.exportsimportsubstitutesfortheyear1947.

5.5.1Theresultsofthetestwerestartling,U.S.importsubstituteswereabout30percentmoreKintensivethanU.S.exports.——Leontiefparadox

5.5.2ExplanationsoftheLeontiefparadox

1.SkilledLaborTheory（Leontief）

•Sincein1947U.S.laborwasaboutthreetimesasproductiveasforeignlabor,theUnitedStateswasreallyanL-abundantnationtoU.S.importsubstitutes.

2.HumanCapitalTheory（P.B.Kenen）

•Humancapitalreferstotheeducation,jobtraining,andhealthembodiedinworkers,whichincreasetheirproductivity.TheimplicationisthatsinceU.S.laborembodiesmorehumancapitalthanforeignlabor,addingthehumancapitalcomponenttophysicalcapitalwouldmakeU.S.exportsmoreKintensiverelativetoU.S.importsubstitutes.

3.TheoryofTechnologicalGap（M.U.Posner,W.Gruber,R.Vernon）

•TechnologyistheresulttoinvestinR&D,andisalsoonekindofproductionfactor.Ofcoursethereexistcomparativetechnologyadvantagesforthetechnologygapamongnations.

5.6Factor-IntensityReversal

5.6.1Factor-intensityreversalreferstothesituationwhereagivencommodityistheL-intensivecommodityintheL-abundantnationandtheK-intensivecommodityintheK-abundantnation.Forexample,factor-intensityreversalispresentifcommodityXistheL-intensivecommodityinNation1（thelow-wagenation）and,atthesametime,itistheK-intensivecommodityinNation2（thehigh-wagenation）.

•whenfactor-intensityreversalispresentneithertheH-Otheoremnorthefactor-priceequalizationtheoremholds.

5.6.2IllustrationofFactor-IntensityReversal

Chapter6NewInternationalTradeTheory

6.1H-OModelandNewTradeTheories

RelaxingassumptionsofH-OmodelandNTT.

1.Therearetwonations（Nation1andNation2）,twocommodities（commodityXandcommodityY）,andtwofactorsofproduction（laborandcapital）.

2.Bothnationsusethesametechnologyinproduction.——Technologygapandproductcyclemodel

3.CommodityXislaborintensiveandcommodityYiscapitalintensiveinbothnations.——nofactor-int