职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案部分.docx
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职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案部分.docx
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职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案部分
职称英语理工类A级考试真题及答案(部分)
SmallButWise
OnDecember14,NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.ThetelescopeiscalledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don’tletitssmallsizefoolyou:
WISEhasapowerfuldigitalcamera,anditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknownuniverse,includingasteroids,faintstars,blazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanetsandstarsareborn.
“I’mveryexcitedbecausewe’regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven’tseenbefore,“saidNedWright,ascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.
Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityinapolarorbit4(thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5).Itscameraispointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartoftheskyevery11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.
ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon’tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISEstandsfor“Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer.”Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakespicturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.
Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumoflight7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigitalcameratakesapictureofatree,forexample,itreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they’reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimagetogether.
Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcamerasdon’tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longerinfraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin.
That’sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan’t.Noteverythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,forexample,aregiantrocksthatfloatthroughspace—buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon’treflectlight,sothey’redifficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesofhundredsofthousandsofasteroids.
Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE’spictures.Theseobjectsare“failed”stars—whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9thesamekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkandcooldown.They’resodimthatthey’realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butintheinfraredspectrumtheyglow.
词汇:
trashcan/‘traelig;,kaelig;n/n.垃圾箱
infrared/’infr’red/adj.红外线
asteroid/’aelig;strid/n.小行星
dwarf/dw:
f/n.矮星
注释:
1.NASA(美国国家航空航天局)是缩写词,全称是NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration。
2.thewildestobjects:
任何你能想象得到的天体。
wild有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。
3.faintstars,blazinggalaxies:
指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。
4.polarorbit:
极地轨道。
指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。
的人造地球卫星轨道。
人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空,即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。
需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。
5.lap:
一圈。
原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回,如:
Sheovertooktheotherrunnersonthelastlap.她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。
6.infraredradiation:
红外线辐射
7.spectrumoflight:
光谱,即,光辐射的波长分布区域。
8.Browndwarfs:
褐矮星。
褐矮星非常暗淡,很难发现它们,要确定它们的大小就更加困难。
9.jumpstart:
启动
练习:
1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?
AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.
BItisassmallasatrashcan.
CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.
DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.
2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword“snap”inthethirdparagraph?
Amake.
Bshoot.
Ctake.
Dphotograph.
3.ThecameraonWISE
Aisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.
Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.
Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.
Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout“asteroids”accordingtoparagraph7?
AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.
BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.
CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids’picturesbyordinarycameras,
DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids
5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?
ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.
BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.
CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.
DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope.
答案与题解:
1.C短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。
WISE的特殊之处就在于,虽然体积小,但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体,所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中(intheknownuniverse)的未知天文现象。
其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。
2.Asnap是个多义词,可以解释为“拍照”,更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。
这里shoot,take和photograph都是snap的同义词。
3.C短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。
人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visiblelights,看不见红外线辐射(infraredradiation),而WISE的相机能够看到。
4.A短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光,比如asteroids,所以A是正确选项。
其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。
5.B最后一段的第一句说,褐矮星能出现在WISE照片中,根据上文对WISE望远镜的描述只有WISE望远镜才能拍到红外线射线,所以B是正确选择。
SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells
AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells.
Theresearchersfoundawaytomakean“optical1,”saidStephenRand,aprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,PhysicsandAppliedPhysics.
Lighthaselectricandmagneticcomponents.Untilnow,scientiststhoughtthe2ofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbeignored.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensity,whenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnotconductelectricity,thelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthan3expected.4thesecircumstances,themagneticeffectsdevelopstrengthequivalenttoastrongelectriceffect.
“Thiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparation,”Randsaid.“Insolarcells,the5goesintoamaterial,getsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Here,weexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbed,energyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower6.”Whatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandof“opticalrectification4,”saysWilliamFisher,adoctoralstudent5inappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectification,light’selectricfieldcausesachargeseparation,orapulling7ofthepositiveandnegativecharges6inamaterial.Thissetsupavoltage,similarto8inabattery.
RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterials,thelight’smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrough7a9thatdoesnot10electricity,suchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn’tthisintenseonitsown,butnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensities,Fishersaid.
“Inourmostrecentpaper,weshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmostas.11inproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightis,”Fishersaid.
Thisnew12couldmakesolarpowercheaper,theresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyin13solarpowertouseableenergy.That’sequivalenttotoday’scommercial-gradesolarcells.
“Tomanufacture14solarcells,youhavetodoextensivesemiconductorprocessing,”Fishersaid.“Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor15.It’salreadymadeinbulk10,anditdoesn’trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter.”
词汇:
optical/‘ptikl/adj.光学的incoherent/,inku’hirnt/adj.非相干的
capacitive/k’paelig;sitiv/adj.电容(量)的semiconductor/,semikn’dkt/n.半导体
rectification/,rektifi’kein/n.改正,修正ceramics/si’raelig;miks/n.陶瓷
注释:
1.UniversityofMichigan:
密歇根大学。
建校于1817年,是美国名列前茅的公立大学,拥有优良的师资和顶尖的商学院、法学院、医学院和工学院。
2.heatload:
热负荷
3.magneticmoment:
磁矩
4.opticalrectification:
光学校正
5.doctoralstudent:
博士生
6.positiveandnegativecharges:
正电荷与负电荷
7.shonethrough:
shone是shine的过去式。
shinethrough是“(光)通过”。
8.anintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter:
每平方厘米一千万瓦特的强度
9.incoherentlight:
非相干光
10.It’salreadymadeinbulk:
它(指玻璃)已大量生产。
inbulk是“大量,成批”。
练习:
1.AmicroscopeBinstrumentCfiberDbattery
2.AmodificationsBeffectsCapplicationsDresults
3.AfrequentlyBprivatelyCpreviouslyDformally
4.AUnderBAtCOnDOver
5.AlightBelectricityCchemicalDmagnetism
6.AplantBequipmentCsourceDline
7.AdownBupCtogetherDapart
8.AthisBthatCthoseDit
9.AmaterialBlensCmeterDdetector
10.AproduceBconveyCuseDconduct
11.AremoteBpoorCeffectiveDrare
12.AprototypeBskillCtechniqueDmiracle
13.AconvertingBobtainingCdeliveringDtransmitting
14.AcompactBmodernCdurableDhandy
15.AothersBsomeCallDboth答案与题解:
1.D第一段说密歇根大学发现,光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电,从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。
因此本题的正确选项应该是battery。
opticalbattery是“光电池”。
opticalmicroscope(光学显微镜)、opticalinstrument(光学仪器)或opticalfiber(光纤)与第一段的意思没有联系。
2.B选择本题的答案的依据还是要回到第一段。
第一段第一句的起始词语是“Adramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflight”。
本篇文章中心议题是用magneticeffectoflight开发新型的太阳能电池。
而以前的科学家认为magneticeffectoflight太微弱,不值得去关注它。
因此,本题选effects与上下文的意思很连贯。
3.C本句的意思是:
当光通过一种绝缘材料时,光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要强一亿倍。
previously是当然的选择。
其他三个选项填入句子中,意思不合逻辑:
frequently(频繁地)/privately(私下地)/formerly(正式地)expected。
4.Aunderthesecircumstances是固定词组,意为“在这种情况下”。
也可以说inth
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