外文翻译智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统.docx
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外文翻译智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统.docx
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外文翻译智能建筑的设计和建设管理系统
外文原文:
Intelligentbuildingsdesignandbuildingmanagementsystems
Overviewof'intelligentbuildings'and'intelligenthomes'technologies
ThefieldofIntelligentBuildings,IntelligentHomes,BuildingManagementSystems(BMS)encompassesanenormousvarietyoftechnologies,acrosscommercial,industrial,institutionalanddomesticbuildings,includingenergymanagementsystemsandbuildingcontrols.ThefunctionofBuildingManagementSystemsiscentralto'IntelligentBuildings'concepts;itspurposeistocontrol,monitorandoptimisebuildingservices,eg.,lighting;heating;security,CCTVandalarmsystems;accesscontrol;audio-visualandentertainmentsystems;ventilation,filtrationandclimatecontrol,etc.;eventime&attendancecontrolandreporting(notablystaffmovementandavailability).Thepotentialwithintheseconceptsandthesurroundingtechnologyisvast,andourlivesarechangingfromtheeffectsofIntelligentBuildingsdevelopmentsonourlivingandworkingenvironments.Theimpactonfacilitiesplanningandfacilitiesmanagementisalsopotentiallyimmense.AnyfacilitiesmanagersconsideringpremisesdevelopmentorsiterelocationshouldalsoconsidertheopportunitiespresentedbyIntelligentBuildingstechnologiesandconcepts.ThisfreesummaryarticleiscontributedbyGaryMills,aleadingUK-basedexpertinthefieldofIntelligentBuildings,IntelligentHomes,andBuildingManagementSystems.TheoriginsofIntelligentBuildingsandBuildingManagementSystemshaverootsintheindustrialsectorinthe1970's,fromthesystemsandcontrolsusedtoautomateproductionprocessesandtooptimiseplantperformances.Theconceptsandapplicationswerethenadapted,developedandmodularisedduringthe1980's,enablingtransferabilityofthetechnologyandsystemstotheresidentialandcommercialsectors.
Intelligentbuildings-controltheory
TheessenceofBuildingManagementSystemsandIntelligentBuildingsisinthecontroltechnologies,whichallowintegration,automation,andoptimisationofalltheservicesandequipmentthatprovideservicesandmanagestheenvironmentofthebuildingconcerned.
ProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC's)formedtheoriginalbasisofthecontroltechnologies.
Laterdevelopments,incommercialandresidentialapplications,werebasedon'distributed-intelligencemicroprocessors'.
Theuseofthesetechnologiesallowstheoptimisationofvarioussiteandbuildingservices,oftenyieldingsignificantcostreductionsandlargeenergysavings.Therearenumerousmethodsbywhichbuildingserviceswithinbuildingscanbecontrolled,fallingbroadlyintotwomethodtypes:
∙Timebased-providingheatingorlightingservices,etc.,onlywhenrequired,and
∙OptimiserParameterbased-oftenutilisingarepresentativeaspectoftheservice,suchastemperatureforspaceheatingorilluminanceforlighting.
Heating-time-basedcontrol
Time-basedcontrolscanbeusedtoturnonandofftheheatingsystem(and/orwaterheating)atpre-selectedperiods(oftheday,oftheweek,etc).OptimiserParameters:
whatevertheconditions,thecontrolsmakesurethebuildingreachesthedesiredtemperaturewhenoccupancystarts.
Heating-optimiserparameter-based(temperature)controlexamples
∙Temperaturecontrol:
protectionagainstfreezingorfrostprotectiongenerallyinvolvesrunningheatingsystempumpsandboilerswhenexternaltemperaturereachesasetlevel(0°C).
∙Compensatedsystems:
willcontrolflowtemperatureintheheatingcircuitrelativetoexternaltemperature.Thiswillgiveariseinthecircuitflowtemperaturewhenoutsidetemperaturedrops.
∙Thermostaticradiatorvalves:
thesesensespacetemperatureinaroomandthrottletheflowaccordinglythroughtheradiatororconvectortowhichtheyarefitted.
∙Proportionalcontrol:
involvesswitchingequipmentonandoffautomaticallytoregulateoutput.
∙Othermethodscanincludethermostats,occupancysensingPIR's(passiveinfra-redsensors),andmanualusercontrol.
Lightingcontrolmethods
Differentcontrolsystemsexist,againtime-basedcontrolandoptimiserparameter-basedwherealevelofilluminanceorparticularuseoflightingisrequired.
∙Zones:
lightsareswitchedoncorrespondingtotheuseandlayoutofthelitareas,inordertoavoidlightingalargeareaifonlyasmallpartofitneedslight.
∙Timecontrol:
toswitchonandoffautomaticallyineachzonetoapresetscheduleforlightuse.
∙PassiveInfra-Red(PIR)Occupancysensing:
Inareaswhichareoccupiedintermittently,occupancysensorscanbeusedtoindicatewhetherornotanybodyispresentandswitchthelightonoroffaccordingly.
∙Lightlevelmonitoring:
thisconsistsofswitchingordimmingartificiallightingtomaintainalightlevelmeasuredbyaphotocell.
Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-energysavings
Untilrecentyears,energyefficiencyhasbeenarelativelylowpriorityandlowperceivedopportunitytobuildingownersandinvestors.However,withthedramaticincreaseandawarenessofenergyuseconcerns,andtheadvancesincost-effectivetechnologies,energyefficiencyisfastbecomingpartofrealestatemanagement,facilitiesmanagementandoperationsstrategy.Theconceptsarealsonowmakingsignificantinroadsintothedomesticresidentialhousebuildingsectors.
Forlighting,energysavingscanbeupto75%oftheoriginalcircuitload,whichrepresents5%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionoftheresidentialandcommercialsectors.
Energysavingspotentialfromwaterheating,cooling,orhotwaterproduction,canbeupto10%,whichrepresentsupto7%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionofthedomesticresidentialandcommercialsectors.
ExperiencesfromstudiesinAustriasuggestpotentialheatingandcoolingenergysavingsareupto30%inpublicbuildings.Evenallowingforthefactthatbuildingsusedinthestudymayhavebeenthosewithparticularlyhighenergyusage,thefigureisanimpressiveone.(Source:
EU2AnalysisandMarketSurveyforEuropeanBuildingTechnologiesinCentral&EasternEuropeanCountries-GOPA)
Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-environmentalandgreenhousegasbenefits
Greenhousegasemissionreductionsdependonandcorrelatetoreductionsinenergyuse.
IntelligentBuildingsandBuildingManagementSystemstechnologiescontributedirectlytothereductioninenergyuse,incommercial,industrial,institutionalanddomesticresidentialsectors.
Inshort,IntelligentBuildingsandsuitablyappliedBuildingManagementSystemsaregoodfortheenvironment.
Legislationandenvironmentalstandards;healthandsafetyregulations;andglobaltrendstowardsimprovingindoorairqualitystandardsareallsignificantdriversof-andprovideacontinuousendorsementoftheneedfor-BuildingManagementSystemsandtheIntelligentBuildingstechnologies.
GovernmentInitiativesaroundtheworldarealsodrivingthedevelopmentandadoptionofBuildingManagementSystemstechnologies.ForexampletheUKCarbonTrustallowsEnhancedCapitalAllowance(ECA)tobeoffsetagainsttaxationonenergyefficientsystems,whichenablessavingsofaround30%forallenergy-relatedBuildingManagementSystemsandIntelligentBuildingsequipment,andtheassociatedinstallationanddesigncosts.
Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-markettrends
Carefulinterpretationisrequired.IntheUK,adoptionofcontrolstechnologiesintothenewbuildandmajorrefurbishmentsectorsisrelativelyhigh:
EstimatesafewyearsagooftheUKmarketforBuildingManagementControlSystemsfornewbuildandmajorrefurbishment,allsectors,suggestmarketadoptionof(asat1994-SourceUK1AnAppraisalofUKEnergyRTD,ETSU-1994):
∙Heatingcontrols70%.
∙Hotwatersystemcontrols90%.
∙Airconditioningcontrols80%.
HoweveraccordingtoEuropeanCommissionasmanyas90%ofallexistingbuildingshaveinapplicableorineffectivecontrols,manyofwhichrequirecompleterefurbishmentofcontrolsystems.
MoreoverconventionalcontrolsystemsstopshortofautomatedIntelligentBuildingsfullcapabilities.Asignificanthumanelementisrequiredforoptimaleffectiveoperationevenifcontrolsystemscorrectlyspecifiedandinstalled.
Giventypicalinstallationsandequipmentthereisoftenadifficultyforbuildingoccupants(residential)ormanagers(commercial)tooperatethemcorrectly.Usageandcorrectoperationarevitalforeffectiveresults.
Educationofusers;improvedsystems-designuser-friendliness,andtheprovisionofrelevantinstructionsandinformationareallcriticaltoenabletheorytotranslateintopractice,andforpotentialeffectivenessandsavingstoberealised.
Buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-practicalbenefits
Energy-effectivesystemsbalanceabuilding'selectriclight,daylightandmechanicalsystemsformaximumbenefit.
Enhancedlightingdesignismorethananelectricallayout.Itmustconsidertheneedsandschedulesofoccupants,seasonalandclimaticdaylightchanges,anditsimpactonthebuilding'smechanicalsystems.
Lightingsystems
Addingdaylighttoabuildingisonewaytoachieveanenergy-effectivedesign.Naturaldaylight'harvesting'canmakepeoplehappier,healthier,andmoreproductive.Andwiththereducedneedforelectriclight,agreatdealofmoneycanbesavedonenergy.Nearlyeverycommercialbuildingisapotentialenergysavingproject,wheretheelectriclightingsystemscanbedesignedtobedimmedwiththeavailabilityofdaylight.Upto75%oflightingenergyconsumptioncanbesaved.Inaddition,byreducingelectriclightingandminimizingsolarheatgain,controlledlightingcanalsoreduceabuilding'sairconditioningload.
Mechanicalsystems
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