论新闻英语词汇中新词的翻译策略.docx
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论新闻英语词汇中新词的翻译策略.docx
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论新闻英语词汇中新词的翻译策略
论新闻英语词汇中新词的翻译策略
OntheTranslationStrategyofNeologismsinJournalisticEnglishVocabulary
Abstract
Asthesocietyandtheprogressofthetimes,themodernemergenceofalargenumberofEnglishvocabulary,andmostofthesenewthingsandnewexpressionfirsttoappearinEnglishnews.Journalisticneologismsnotonlyintroducethenewlyemergingthings,phenomenaandexperienceinavividway,butalsoenrichourdailyvocabulary,enhanceourabilitytoexpress.
Neologismsareespeciallyusefulyinidentifyinginventions,newphenomenaoroldideaswhichhavetakenonanewculturalcontent;theyhavecloserelationshipwithparticularpoliticalandsocialbackgrounds;theyarecoinedandusedtoarousepublicattentionandinterest.Aneologismmayarisefromwordformation,borrowingwordsfromotherlanguages,oroldwordswithnewmeanings.
ThelanguageinEnglishnewsisinterestingtounderstand,simplerefining,stronginexpression,vividnarrative,So,translationofthenewsmustbemoretemperedinthewordingtoreflectthetotalapperanceofjournalisticEnglish.Inthelightoftranslatologyandlinguistics,thepaperbasesonNewmark’smajorcontribution---thedichotomyofcommunicativevs.semantictranslationtheoryinthetranslationofjournalisticEnglish,thepaperfocusesonsometranslationstrategiesonEnglishjournalisticneologismsanditstranslation.
KeyWords:
neologism,Newmark’stranslationtheory,translationstrategy
内容摘要
随着社会和时代的进步,现代英语中出现了大量的词汇,这些表达新事物和新概念的英语新词新义大多率先出现在英语新闻中。
新闻新词是介绍新生事物,体现新的现象,丰富我们的日常词汇,增强我们表达能力,表现新的文化内容和经验的一个生动的方式。
新词总与特定的政治和社会背景有密切联系,它们的创造和使用能引起公众的兴趣和关注。
新词可以通过构词法形成,从其他语言借用或是从旧词的意义引申转化而成。
新闻英语语言有趣易懂,简洁精炼,表达有力,叙述生动,翻译时就必须在用词上多加锤炼,才能体现新闻文体的总貌。
作者借助于翻译学和语言学,以纽马克的“交际翻译理论”和“语义翻译理论”为依据和指导,并将翻译理论和英语汉译实践相结合,用新闻翻译的实例分析新闻英语中新词的构词特点和翻译策略。
关键词:
新词;纽马克理论;翻译策略
Contents
Introduction1
1.ABriefSurveyoftheNewmark’sTheory3
2.StudiesoftheSourceofNeologisms5
3.FormationofEnglishNeologisms6
3.1WordBuildingFormation7
3.2SemanticNeologism9
3.2.1Borrowings9
3.2.2OldWordsWithNewSenses10
4.TranslationStrategiesofNewspaperNeologisms11
4.1EquivalentTranslation11
4.2Back-translation13
4.3Literaltranslation14
4.4Freetranslation16
4.5Transliteration18
Conclusion21
Notes24
Bibliography25
Acknowledgements26
Introduction
Newspaperisconsideredasaneffectivechannelforpeopletoknowtheoutsideworld.Throughreadingnewspaper,peoplecanbeinformedofthecurrenteventshappeningallaroundtheworld,getaquaintancewiththeperformanceofanewpolicy,andareprovidedwithacolorfullifeowingtoavarietyofentertainmentinthenewspaper.Asweknow,allthenovelphenomenarequiresomethingnewtonamethem,whichgivesrisetobirthtoneologisms.Andthentheneologismsmaketheirwayintomassmediasuchasnewspaperstobespreadandpopularizedamongpeople.InOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish—ChineseDictionary,aneologismis“anewworldorexpressionoranewmeaningofaword”①
Asthemostactivepartinlanguage,vocabularyalwaysreflectsthechangingofsocietyandlife.Fromwordswecanknowsocialdevelopment,emergenceofnewthingsandsoon,whichcanalsobeclearlyobservedinnewswriting.TakeforexampleEnglishwordslike“super”,“cool”,“VIP”“environmentalist”,“qualitytime”and“Dink”.Manyofthemareshort-livedandsomearenoncewords,whichappearandspreadsosoonbeforetheyvanishfromoursightthatwecouldhardlynoticetheirexistence.Therearesomeluckyonesthatcanfindtheirwayintothecommonvocabulary.Atanyratetheseneologismsarereallycapableofcatchingreaders'eyesimmediately,oftenonaccountoftheirspecialcharacteristicsormeanings.Inaddition,theywillnotonlygeneratereaders'interestbutalsocontributetothereadabilityofanewspaper.Sothenewstranslationinevitablyplaysanimportantroleininformationcommunication.
Manylanguageworkersaretakingeffortsinthetranslationofneologismssincetheappearanceofmanyneologismshasarousedthegreatinterestatalllevelsandtheseneologismsareappealingtimelytranslation.Quiteanumberofworksrelatedwiththetranslationofnewwordshavebeenpublishedduringtherecentyears.However,alloftheseworksdidn'tgiveanoverallintroductionofthecreationofneologismaswellasitstranslation;neithermakeanalysisofsomeconsequencesoftheuseofnewwordsandexpressionsindailylife.Thispaper,basedontheabundantmaterialsaboutneologism,includesacomprehensiveintroductionofneologisminEnglishnewsvocabularyandfocusonsomestrategiesofhowtotranslateneologismsintoChinese.
ThestudyonEnglishneologismsisanarduousandcontinuingtask.Itkeepsintouchwiththemostactiveandunstablepartofthedevelopmentofalanguage,sotheresearchonitisstandingonthefrontierofthewordrevolutionandfacingthechallengesbroughtrequirementsofinter-translationbetweentwolanguages.Noinbythematerwhathappens,newwordsandexpressionskeeprisingandthetranslationneedstocontinue.Thiseverlastingactivityprovidesawiderangeoftopicsthestudytoofresearchandresultsinepochmakingsignificancefortranslationtheories.
1.ABriefSurveyoftheNewmark’sTheory
PeterNewmark,afamoustheoristandprofessorofPolytechnicofCentralLondonmadeanimportantcontributiontothestudyoftranslationtheory.Hismajorcontributionisthedichotomyofcommunicativevs.semantictranslationinhisApproachestoTranslationwrittenin2001."Communicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal"②.Hemadecontrastiveanalysisfromthefollowingaspects:
(1)Communicativetranslationaddressesitselfsolelytothesecondreader,Semantictranslationremainswithintheoriginalcultureandassiststhereaderonlyinitsconnotationsiftheyconstitutetheessentialhumanmessageofthetext.
(2)Communicativetranslationmustemphasizethe`force'ratherthanthecontentofthemessage.Semantictranslationwouldbemoreinformativebutlesseffective.
(3)Asemantictranslationisalwaysinferiortoitsoriginal,sinceitinvolveslossofmeaning;Communicativetranslationmaygainenforceandclarifywhatitlosesinsemanticcontent.Thetranslatoristryinginhisownlanguagetowritealittlebetterthantheoriginal③.
Thecenterofcommunicativetranslationisforceofinformationandreader;whilesemantictranslationfocusesonmeaningandauthor.Althoughthesetwokindsoftranslationhaveobviousdifference,they"maywellcoincideinparticular,wherethetextconveysageneralratherthanaculturallyboundmessageandwherethematterisasimportantasthemanner"④.Andtheybothcomplywiththeusuallysyntacticequivalentsforthetwolanguages.Thatistosay,atranslationcanbemoreorlesssemantic,ormoreorlesscommunicative,butwithoutcompletedivision.
"Originalexpression,wherethespecificlanguageofthespeakerorwriterisasimportantasthecontent,whetheritisphilosophical,religious,political,scientific,technicalorliterary,needstobetranslatedsemantically"
.Uptonow,itisobviouslyclearthatjournalisticEnglishbelongstoinformativetext,whosepropertranslationshouldbe"communicativetranslation"therearealsomanyoriginalexpressions(politicalspeechofgovernmentsomeimportantfigures,etc)quotedbythereporterandtheyneedsemantictranslation.Therefore,both"communicativetranslation"and"semantictranslation"aresuitablefornewstranslation.
2.StudiesoftheSourceofNeologisms
Neologismshavecloserelationshipwithparticularpoliticalandsocialbackgrounds;theyarecoinedandusedtoarousepublicattentionandinterest.Morestudieshavebeencarriedoutonthesourceofneologisms.
ZhangYihua⑥summarizesthreemajorsources:
thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,thedevelopmentofinformationtechnology,inheritanceandcreativepoweroflanguageinitsprocessofdevelopment.ZhaoLizhu⑦holdsthateconomicdevelopmentisoneoftheimportantsourcesofnewwords.WuGang⑧addsthatpoliticsprovidesmanynewwordstoEnglish.Forexample,"Iraqphobia"(伊恐症)iscoinedasaresultoftheIraqiWar."-gate"from"Watergate"hasbecomeasuffixindicating"politicalscandal".
Intheever-developingsociety,scienceandtechnologyisthemainsupplierofnewvocabulary.Today,ifyoudon'tknowanythingabout"blog",youaresuretohavefallenbehind."Blog"istheshortformof"weblog".Weblogshavecomeofage."Blogosphere"istherealmofthe"blog"."Bloggers"takeonaprominentroleinvettingthemainstreammedia.
Manyneologisms,suchasprimetime(黄金时间),talkshow(脱口秀),blockbuster(火爆),boomedwiththepopularizationofTVandradio.Manysocialproblemscanalsocomealongwithlotsofneologism.Forexample:
DINK(anacronymfor"coupleswithdualincomeandnokids”丁克家庭).
3.FormationofEnglishNeologisms
Intherecent20years,Englishvocabularyhasincreasedinquantityandinextent,mainlybychangingwordformandchangingwordmeaning.PeterNewmarkgivesadefinitioninhisworksATextbookofTranslation:
“Neologismscanbedefinedasnewlycoinedlexicalunitsorexistinglexicalunitsthatacquireanewsense.”Heholdstheopinionthat"newobjectsandprocessesarecontinuallycreatedintechnology.Newideasandvariationsonfeelingscomefromthemedia.Termsfromthesocialsciences,slang,dialectcomingintothemainstreamoflanguage,transferredwords,makeuptherest."Fro
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