建筑学专业英语视频翻译.docx
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建筑学专业英语视频翻译.docx
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建筑学专业英语视频翻译
Averylongtimeago,farawayinChina,avillagerlivingalongthebanksoftheYellowRiverbuiltasimplemudhuttoshelterhisfamily. Thousandsofyearslaterintheyear1420,theempire’sbestcraftsmenputthefinaltouchesontheultimatemasterpieceofChinesearchitecture---theTempleofHeaven.
“Chinesebuildingsevolvedfromsimplesheltersintocomplexmagnificentstructureswithgreatswoopingroofs,statelycolumns,andrichdetail.”
Betweenthissimplemudhutandthisamazinglycomplexstructure---itseverydetailfullwithcosmologicalsymbolism---isataleofemperors,monks,scholarsandgeniuscraftsmen---astorywhichexplainsanarchitecturaltraditionofgreatbeautyandflexibility. Andtostartthisstoryatthebeginning,wehavetoleapbacktwomillennia,towhenthebrillianttyrantQinShihuangbecomesthefirstemperorofaunifiedChina.
In1938,anAmericanfighterpilotflyingoveraremotepartofChina,spottedgiantpyramid-likestructuresbelow. Inhisexcitementhetookaphotoanddeclaredtotheworldthathehaddiscoveredalostcivilization. Whathediscovered,however,weren’tpyramids,butmassivetombmounds. AndthegrandestofthemallwasthetombofthemanwhounifiedChina.
“OurstorybeginswiththetombofQinShihuangthefirstemperorofChina,wholived200yearsbeforeChrist.”
Abrilliantwarriorandtactician,heannihilatedallhisrivalstatesandcreatedtheimperialsystemwhichsurviveduntiltheyear1904. Andthegrandeurofhistombmatchedthatofhisambitions:
Formorethanthirtyyearsheused700,000workers---probablymoremanpowerthanthepharaohshadassembledtobuiltthepyramids---tore-constructhiskingdomintheprivateundergroundworldofhistomb,withpalacesandcourtsforahundredofficials,roomscontainingcountlessgems,riversofmercuryandcandleswhichwouldneverburnout.Theysatyoucan’ttakeitwithyou,butQinShihuangsuretried.
“Histombwasguardedbyhundredsofterracottawarriors,butjustasfascinatingweretheclaymodelhousesthatwerefoundinsidehistomb.”
Becauseoftheirbeliefthatpeoplehadtoprovidefortheirancestorsindeath,theearlyChineseburiedtheirdeceasedwithclaymodelsofthestructurestheydependedoninlife-granaries,houses,watchtowersandthelike. These2000year-oldmodelsaretheonlysurvivingexamplesofearlyChinesewoodenarchitecture,andfromthemwecanseehowhouseswereconstructedaroundthetimeofthefirstemperor. Thesemodelsshowatypeofwoodenhousethatincrediblycanstillbeseentoday.
SowhydidtheancientChinesebuildinwoodratherthanstone,liketheancientEuropeans?
TheavailabilityofwoodintheextensiveforestsofearlyChinawasnodoubtamajorfactor. TheancientChinesedidknowhowtobuildwithstone,andhowtousethearch…andtheyusedthearchextensivelyfortombs,gatesandbridges. Howevertheyrejectedthestonearchforbuildinghouses,templesandpalaces.
Toseewhywecanagainfindcluefromthetombofthefiestemperor. Archaeologistsrecentlyexcavatedfromthetomba2000year-oldswordthatisstillsharpasarazor.Thereasonitisstillsharpisbecauseitiscoatedwithchrome-afactthatmaynotseemtooamazinguntilyourealizethatchromiumwasn’tinventeduntil1938-thesameyearthetombswerespottedbythatAmericanpilot.
ThismeansisthattheancientChinesedevelopedincrediblemetal-workingskillsveryearlyintheirhistory,andsotheyhadmetalwoodworkingtoolsataveryearlydate.
Stonecanbeusedtofashionandworkstone,asearlyBritonsmusthavedonetobuildStonehenge.Butirontoolswerenecessaryforwoodcarvingandjoinery.Andwithsuchtools,howeverprimitive,woodconstructionwasmucheasierthanconstructioninstone.
Westernculturesbegantheirarchitecturewithoutirontools.Sotheystartedinstoneandbrickandcontinuedbuildingwiththesematerials.TheChinese,ontheotherhand,beganbuildingwithwoodandcontinuedtodosofor6000years,startingwiththebasicChinesehousewhichwasfirstdevelopedonthefloodplainoftheyellowriver.
Inareaspronetoflooding,thisstructurewasraisedonpilings.InthecentralyellowrivervalleyofChinaitrestedonsolidplatform.
Stonebasesforeachcolumn,twicethediameterofthecolumn,wereplacedonthisplatform,thenthecolumnraisedontopofthis.
So,theelevationofaChinesebuildinghasthreeelements:
thepodiumunderneath,thecolumnsinbetweenandbigroofrestingontopofthecolumns.Fourcolumnsformwhatiscalledabay;groupsofbaysthenformthedifferenttypesofbuildings.FromtheearliesttimestheChineseseparatedthesupportingfromtheenclosingelementsofabuilding.Thismeanttheinteriorcolumnssupportedtheroofweightcompletely,whilethewallswerejustforprivacyandprotectionfromtheelements.
Inacountryplaguedbypowerfulearthquakes,theChinesedidn’tbuildsolidwalls,whichcouldbecrackedandrentapartbyanupheavaloftheearth’scrust,butrathertheybuiltflexiblestructureswithoutusingglueornails.Thesestructurescouldridetheheavingearthlikeaboat,shiftingandsettlingback,withtheplatformactingalmostlikearaft.
Heavyroofswithtilesweresupportedbycolumnsbuiltofwhitefirwhichwasfourtimesstrongerthansteel,andsixtimesmoreflexiblethanconcrete.
Itwasthebeginningofanarchitectureofgreatbeauty,eleganceandpracticality.
ThefirstfeatureofaChinesebuildingthatusuallyimpressesavisitoristheelegant,sweepingandseeminglygiganticroof.
Westernarchitecture,withitsspiresandGreekcolumns-andmorerecentlyskyscrapers–usuallyemphasizesthevertical.Andsincetheintroductionofconcrete,steelandglass,modernWesternarchitecturehasremainedaverticalarchitectureofwalls,facades,andinvisibleroofs.
Chinesearchitectureoffersadelightfulcontrast.Themostexpressiveelementistheroof,withitsgreatcurvingslope,andtheemphasisisonthehorizontal.Theapproachingpedestriancanseethewholeroof,evenashebeginstoenterthebuilding.
WhileEuropeansbuilttheirroofsusingatrusssystemincorporatingdiagonalbeams,theChineseusedapostandbeamsystem;therearenodiagonals.Thesteppedshapeallowedforthecurvatureoftheroof.
Usingthissystemroofscouldbeexpandedtocreatebuildingsofimpressivescale.
TheheightofabuildinghasneverequaledstatusinChina.Intheyear1747,theemperorQianlongcommissionedEuropeanmissionariestodesignasummerpalacein"themannerofEuropeanBarbarians".Theemperorhadthembuildatwo-storyfacadeinfrontoftraditionalone-storyChinesehalls,becausetheemperorhadnowish'toliveintheair'likeEuropeanswho,astheemperorcommented'mustbeverypoverty-strickenandlackland'toliveinsuchafashion.
Insteadofheight,therankandimportanceofChinesebuildingisdeterminedbytheroofdesign.Onecanseethatthistemplewaspatronizedbytheimperialfamilybytheyellowdiamondontheroof.Elaborateroofornamentsalsodenotetheimportanceofabuilding.Thepartthatlookslikethetailofafishateitherendofthemainridgeisknownastheridge-devouringbeast:
themythicalsonoftheSeadragon,abletowhipupwavesandcreaterain.Theseornamentswereinfactsymbolicfireextinguishers.
Alongtheslopingridgetheremightalsobeastringofsmalleranimals:
nineforimperialbuildings,withthenumberofanimalsdecreasingastheimportanceofthebuildingdecreases.Oftenfoundsittingonthecorneristhisevilprinceridingonahen,whichrepresentsalegendarytyrantwhowascrueltohispeople.Heisfatedtosuffertheelementsforalleternity.
Notjustheavywithsymbolicmeaning,theactualphysicalweightofaChineseroofisenormous-aroundfourtimestheweightofatraditionalwesterntiledroof.Roofswerecoveredwithheavyglazedtiles-typicallygray,butsometimesalsoquitecolorful;blue,green,andintheForbiddenCity,theyareglazedanimperialyellow.Thecolumnsthatholdtheseenormousroofshadtobestout.Asprotectionfromweatherandtermites,thepillarswereoftenpaintedwithlacqueroranoilandhempmixturewhichhadbrickdustmixedintoit;fromthiscamethecustomofpaintingthecolumnsaboldredcolor,whichlaterofcoursebecamesymbolicofgoodfortune.
Theheavytiledroofswouldseemtorequireadenseforestofcolumnstosupportthem.ButtheChinesesecretofsupportingaheavyroofononlyafewcolumnsisingenious.Thecolumnsbearthisenormousweightroofswiththeassistanceofbrackets.
"Inwesternarchitecture,muchofthecomplexityofabuildingisinitsfoundation.IntheEast,it'sinacomplicatedpyramidalsystemofbracketsandcrossbeamsdesignedtoholdaheavytiledroof,andwhichgiveititscharacteristiccurvesshape.Thisingenioussystemiscalledduogong,anditselementsarefundamentallyquitesimple.It'smadeupofbracketswhichsitontopofcolumns,andintowhicharefittedcrossbeams.
Theyhavethreeparts-theDuo,ablock,likeacapital,placedatthetopofacolumn.Thegong,abracketplacedacrossthetopofthedeng,andthespacersbetweenthem,calledthesheng."
Thedegreeofcomplexityiswonderful,withbracketslockingtogetherlikeaChinesepuzzlewithoutanynailsorglue.WiththeseduogongtheChinesecouldextendtheroofoverhand,withouthavingtobuildingmoreandmorecolumnsinside.
Toextendtheoverhangevenfurther,theChinesedevisedacleversolution.Theroofoverhangisoneendofakindofsee-saw.Itsweightiscounterbalancedbytheweightofthecenteroftheroof,attheotherendofthesee-saw,onthefulcrumofjustonecolumn.Thisdevice,
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