07专八听力原文.docx
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07专八听力原文.docx
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07专八听力原文
听力原文2007
Part1,ListeningComprehension
SECTIONAMINI-LECTURE
Goodmorning.Today'slectureistheveryfirstofaseriesoflecturesonthearthistory.SoI'dliketospendsometimediscussingwithyouthefollowingtopic:
whydoweneedtostudyarthistoryandwhatcanwelearnfromit.
Firstofall,I'dsay,ifyoustudyarthistory,itmightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutacul¬turethanit'spossibletolearnirigeneralhistoryclasses.Youknow,mosttypicalhistorycoursescon¬centrateonpolitics,economiesandwar.(Q1)Butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthis,be¬causeartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofthepeople,butalsotheirreligiousbeliefs,emotionsetc.Inaddition,informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestorscanbeprovidedbyart,likewhatpeopledidforaliving,whatkindofdresstheywore,whatceremoniestheyheldetc.Inshort,artcanexpresstheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplaceandthestudyofitclearlyoffersusadee¬perunderstandingthanwhatcanbefoundinmosthistorybooksandenablesustolearnmorethingsabouthumansocietyandcivilization.
Thesecondpoint,I'dliketomake,isaboutthetypeofinformation.Inhistorybooks,informa¬tionisobjective.(Q2)Thatis,factsaboutthepolitical,economiclifeofacountryaregiven,buttheopinionsarenotexpressed.Art,ontheotherhand,issubjective.Itreflectspersonalemotionsandopinions.(Q3)Forexample,FranciscoGoyawasagreatSpanishpaintIr,andalsoperhapsthefirsttrulypoliticalartist.Inhisfamouspainting,the3rdofMay,1808,heshowedsoldiersshootingagroupofsimplepeople.Hisdescriptionofsoldiersandtheirvictimshasbecomeasymboloftheenormouspowerorthemisuseofthispowerthatagovernmentcanhaveoveritspeople.Overahun¬dredyearslater,onanothercontinent,thepowerfulpaintingsofMexicanartistsdepictedtheirdeepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems.Insummary,throughartyoucanfindapersonalandemo¬tionalviewofhistory.
Thirdly,artcanreflectaculture'sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEurope,religiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatshowedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.(Q4)Bycontrast,oneofthemaincharac¬teristicsoftheartintheMid-Eastwasandstillisitsabsenceofhumanandanimalimages.Thisre¬flectstheIslamicbeliefthattheseimagesareunholy.(Q5)Thus,onpalaces,mosquesandotherbuildings,Islamicartistshavecreateduniquedecorationofgreatbeautywithimagesofflowersandgeometricforms,forexample,circles,squaresandtriangles.Thesameistrueofotherplaces,likeAfricaandthePacificislands.Artalsoreflectsthereligiousbeliefsoftraditionalculturesintheseplaces.Asamatteroffact,religionisthepurposeforthisartandis,therefore,absolutelyessentialtoit.TraditionalartinAfricaandthePacificIslandsisdifferentfromChristianart.Christianartin¬fluencespeople'sreligiousfeelingstowardsGod.ButthegoaloftraditionalartinAfricaandthePacificislandsistheinfluenceofspiritualpower,thatisgodstoenterpeople'slives.Eachtribeorvillagetherehasspecialceremonieswithsongsanddancestomakesurethatcrops,animalsandpeo¬plearehealthyandinincreasingnumber.(Q6)Thedancersintheceremonieswearmasks,head¬dressesandcostumesthattheybelievearenecessarytoinfluencegods.Sothesemasksandhead¬dressesthemselvesareaverypartoftheart.
Aswe'vesaid,artdependsonculture.Differentformsofartresultfromdifferentcultures.Simi¬larly,thewaythatpeopleviewartalsodependsontheirculturalbackground.Thisismyfourthpoint.FormostEuropeansandAmericans,artismainlyfordecoration.(Q7)Itissomethingonamuseumwallorinaglasscase.Itmakestheirhomesmoreattractive.Peoplelookatitandadmireit."Oh,whatabeautifulpainting."Besides,ideasareoftenexpressedinthisart."Thisisawon¬derfulstatue",anadmirermightsay,"itmakessuchastronganti-warstatement."Butinotherplaces,artisnotconsideredtobeseparatefromeverydayexistence.Ithasafunction.Ithasaprac¬ticalroletoplayinpeople'slives.(Q8)Apersoninatribalsocietymightlookatamaskandsay,"Oh,thisisagoodmask.Itwillkeepmyhousesafe."Inbrief,thewayinwhichpeopleenjoyorappreciateartdependsontheirculture.
Toconcludemylecture,wecansaythatartisareflectionofvariouscultures.(Q9)Butatthesametime,wehavetorememberthattheartalsoreflectsthechangesinsocietythattakeplacewhendifferentculturesinfluenceoneanother.Aspeoplefromtribalsocietiesmovetourbanareas,theirvaluesandbeliefschangeaccordinglyandtheirtraditionalartformsbegintoloosetheirfunction.(Q10)Atthesametime,urbanartistsbegintolearnalotfromtraditionalart.Forexample,AfricanmasksandfigureshadagreatinfluenceonPicasso'sworks.AndmanyAmericanandCanadianartistsstudythesimplicity,ofJapanesepainting.Theresultis,thatastheworldgetssmaller,theartofeachculturebecomesmoreinternational.OK,thisbringsustotheendofourlecture.Ihopethataftertoday'slecture,you'llunderstandbetterthesignificanceofthestudyofarthistory.Artenablesus•toknowmoreabouthumanhistory,forexample,people'sviewsandopinionsaboutcertainhistoricalevents,andwhat'smoreimportant,aboutdifferentcultures,theirreligiousbeliefs,perceptionofart,etc.
SECTIONBINTERVIEW
Interviewer:
NigelLynchiseditorofBusinessTravelWeekly.Nigel,thanksforbeingontheshow.Now,whatkindofproblemsdoairlinepassengersfacenowadays?
Nigel:
Well,mostoftheproblemsarecausedbytheheavyvolumeoftraffic.Youknow,all
airportshavealimittothenumberoftakeoffsandlandingstheycanhandle.(Q1)Interviewer:
Sowhatseemstobetheproblem?
Nigel:
Allflightsfromabusyairportarriveandleaveatmoreorlessthesametime.If60air-
craftsarescheduledtotakeoffbetween5p.m.and5:
15andtheairportcanonlyhan¬dle120anhour,thatmeanssomewillalwaysbelatelandingortakingoff.Andiftheweatherisbad,youcanimaginewhatthesituationislike.Sopassengershavetobeloadedintoeachplaneandtheplaneshavetolineuptotakeoff.
Interviewer:
So,waitingattheloungeorontheplaneisquitecommon.
Nigel:
Certainly.Andanotherproblemthat'sverycommonisoverbooking.Quiteoften,you
hearanannouncementontheairportloudspeakers:
"wehaveoversoldonthisflightandwouldlikevolunteerstogoonthenextflightout.Ifyoudecidetovolunteer,youmaygetacashbribeorafreetrip,butmakesurethatyougetaguaranteedseatonthenextflightandafreephonecalltowhoeverismeetingyouontheotherend."(Q2)Andworsestill,youarrivewithaconfirmedreservationandyoudiscoveryou'vebeenbumpedofftheflight.
Interviewer:
Presumably,ifyouchoosetotravelatoff-peaktimes,thereareafewproblems.
Nigel:
Well,therearenooff-peaktimes.AllflightsseemtobefullexceptSaturday.Idon'tquiteunderstandwhythisisso.Youknow,ifthereisapublicholiday,thingsarelike¬lytobeespeciallybusy.Thespecialfaresystemsontheairlines'computersencouragemorepeopletoflyonlesspopularflightsandthismeans,that,asaresult,allflightsareequallyfull.
Interviewer:
So,whatadvicewouldyougivetobusinesstravelers?
Nigel:
I'dsay,avoidbigairports,ifyoucan.Thereasonisthattherearetoomanyflights
there.(Q3)Then,remembernottocheckyourbaggageifyoucanhelpit.Anotherthingis,bepreparedfordelays.Takesomethingtoeatanddrinkinyourhandluggage.Interviewer:
Nigel,whatkindofmistakesdoinexperiencedtravelersmake?
Nigel:
Thefirstmistakebusinesstravelersmakeistotakefartoomuchluggage.(Q4)Re
member,takeonlycarry-onluggage,becauseinmostairports,youcangetawaywithtwosmallbags.
Interviewer:
Oh,Isee.
Nigel:
Anothermistakepeoplemakeistothinkthatyouhavetopayfullpriceforairtickets.
(Q4)Youshoiildfindoutaboutthedifferentticketoptions.Forexample,anRTWfarecansaveupto40%onnormalfare.
Interviewer:
Excuseme,whatisRTW?
Nigel:
RoundTheWorld.Forexample,ifyou'regoingtoAustraliafromtheUSA,youcould
gooutviaSingapore,andcomebackviaNorthAmerica.Andanotherwaytosavemon¬eyistoseeifatickettoadestinationbeyondischeaper.Forexample,aticketfromAmsterdam,fromLondontoNewYorkmaybecheaperthanonestraightfromLondontoNewYork.
Interviewer:
Urn,that'sveryusefulinformation.
Nigel:
Andanothermistakeistogoawayfortoolong.(Q4)Mostpeople'sefficiencyandener
gystarttofalloffaftertwoweeksaway.Somyadviceistokeepyourtripshort,onlygofortwoweeksandneverforalongerthanthree.Anotherpointis,don'texpectevery¬thingtogoaccordingtoplan.Youneedtolearntoexpecttheunexpected.(Q5)Theremaybeatyphooninsummer,oryourtaximaybreakdownonthewaytotheairport.Inotherwords,don'tbeoptimisticaboutplansanddon'tscheduleimportantmeetingstoocloselytogether.Youneedtoallowtimefordelaysandbreakdowns.
Interviewer:
Yeah,thisissomethingtravelershavetorememberwhentheyplantheirtrips.
Nigel:
Andanotherthing,gettoknowagoodtravelagentandmakesurehegivesyouthebestpossibleservice.Takediscountsforexample,agoodtravelagentcangetfirst-classticketsforthepriceofbusinessclass.Thisisbecausehedoesenoughvolumeofbusi¬nessandhecangetdiscountswithairlinesonhisownbehalf.He
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