机械毕业设计英文外文翻译108低滚动阻力轮胎副本.docx
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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译108低滚动阻力轮胎副本.docx
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机械毕业设计英文外文翻译108低滚动阻力轮胎副本
附录
附录A:
LOWROLLINGRESISTANCETIRES
Accordingtothereport,80%ormoreofacar’sfuelenergyiswastedbyfrictionandothersuchlosses.1.5to4.5%oftotalgasolineusecouldbesavedifallreplacementtiresinusehadlowrollingresistance.About237millionreplacementtiresaresoldintheU.S.eachyear–nonehasrollingresistancelabeling.
1.America’sFuelUse,ItsImpacts,andOpportunitiesforSavings
TheenvironmentalimpactsofAmerica’sgasolineuseareprofound.Withover160millionpassengercarsandlighttrucksontheroad,weburnabout126billiongallonsofgasolineperyear.Ourfuelusecontinuestoriseabout3%annually,propelledbycontinuedincreasesintotalnumberofvehicles,risingaveragedistancedrivenpercar,andfallingaveragefueleconomy.
Today,light-dutyvehicles(cars&lighttrucks)areresponsibleforabout20%ofthenitrogenoxides,27%ofthevolatileorganiccompounds,51%ofthecarbonmonoxide,androughly30%ofallthecarbondioxide(themaingreenhousegas)emittedfromhumanactivitiesnationwide.Risingfuelusealsohasenormousimplicationsforprotectionofwildernessandpubliclands(vulnerabletoincreasedexploration),waterresources(vulnerabletotankerandpipelineaccidents),andnationalsecurity.Sotheopportunitytosavemoneyandimproveenvironmentalqualitythroughfuelusereductionsisclear.
Oneofthemostpromisingopportunitiesforfuelsavingsacrosstheentirefleetofexistingvehiclesistoutilizelowrollingresistancetiresinsteadofstandardreplacementmodels.Thischangeimprovestheinherentefficiencyofthevehicle,automaticallysavingfueloverthetypical30,000to50,000milelifetimeofasetoftires.
Thisreportexaminestheopportunityforsavinggasolinethroughuseofimprovedtiretechnologyandrecommendsparticulartiremodelsforwhichourinitialtestdatasuggestenvironmentaladvantages.Itsfindingsareapplicabletogovernmentandcorporatefleetmanagersaswellasindividualtirebuyers.
2.HowTiresCanReduceFuelConsumption
AccordingtotheNationalAcademyofSciences,about80to88%oftheenergyinavehicle’sgasolinetankiswastedinvariousthermal,frictional,andstandbylossesintheengineandexhaustsystem.Thisleavesonlyabout12to20%ofthepotentialenergyactuallyconvertedtovehiclemotion.Oneofthekeywaystoimprovethatefficiencyistoreducetherollingresistanceofvehicletires.Thisisnotameasureofatire’stractionor“grip”ontheroadsurface,butrathersimplyindicateshoweasilyatirerollsdowntheroad,minimizingtheenergywastedasheatbetweenthetireandtheroad,withinthetiresidewallitself,andbetweenthetireandtherim.
DetailedmodelingconductedbytheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryconcludedthata10%reductionintirerollingresistanceshouldyieldfuelsavingsofabout1to2%,dependingondrivingconditionsandvehicletype.AccordingtoresearchfortheCaliforniaEnergyCommission,about1.5to4.5%oftotalgasolineusecouldbesavedifallreplacementtiresinusehadlowrollingresistance.Thistranslatesroughlyintoaveragesavingsofupto30gallonsofgasolinesavingspervehicleperyear,orfrom$2.5to$7.5billionworthofnationalaveragegasolinesavings.
AspartoftheireffortstomeetFederalfueleconomystandards,automakersroutinelyspecifylowrollingresistancetiresontheirnewvehicles.Between1980and1994,thelowestrollingresistancetiremodelsavailableachieveda48%reductioninrollingresistance,andhavelikelycontinuedtoimprovethereafter.Theseoriginalequipment(OE)tiremodelsareoccasionallyavailableinthereplacementtiremarket,butoftenonlybyspecialorder.Ingeneral,thetiresmarketedtothereplacementtiremarkettendtoplacegreateremphasisonlongevityandlowprice,andthereforeoftenhavehigherrollingresistancethanOEtires.
UnfortunatelybothOEandreplacementtireslackanysortofrollingresistancelabelingcurrently,sofleetmanagersandconsumersthatwishtobuyhighlyenergy-efficienttireswhentheirfirstsetofOEtireswearouthavebeenstymied.Evenwhentiremakersclaimthatparticularreplacementmodelsaremorefuelefficientthanothers,theydonotalwaysuseconsistenttestmethodsorindependentlaboratorydatatobackupthoseclaims.About237millionreplacementtiresaresoldintheU.S.eachyearforcarsandlighttrucks,andnoneofthemprovidesrollingresistancelabeling.
In2002,theEnergyFoundationfundedEcosConsultingtoanalyzethetiremarket,selectrepresentativemodelsforrollingresistancetesting,andworkwithGreenSealtorecommendparticularmodelsthatperformwellwhileachievinglowrollingresistance.ThosefindingsarebeingpublishedforthefirsttimeinthisChooseGreenReport.AdditionalbackgroundonEcosConsulting’skeyfin
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