英语一真题.docx
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英语一真题.docx
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英语一真题
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语
(一)试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare. 1 thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerinthe ScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly 2 toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat 3 bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisa(n) 4 in notbeingtoobright.
Intelligence,it 5 ,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow 6 thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—a(n) 7 process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento 8 .
Isthereanadaptivevalueto9 intelligence?
That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance 10 atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal 11 ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis 12 themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet.
Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould 13 onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner, 14 ,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat 15 animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto 16 thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally 17 ,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis. 18 ,theywouldhopetostudya(n) 19 question:
Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
20 theresultsareinconclusive.
1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine
2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened
3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer
4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority
5.[A]insistson[B]sumsup[C]turnsout[D]putsforward
6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along
7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual
8.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think
9.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D]different
10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward
11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs
12.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D]across
13.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply
14.[A]bychance[B]incontrast[C]asusual[D]forinstance
15.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest
16.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D]reach
17.[A]at[B]for[C]after[D]with
18.[A]Aboveall[B]Afterall[C]However[D]Otherwise
19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile
20.[A]Byaccident[B]Intime[C]Sofar[D]Betterstill
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.
Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.
Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenewthingswetry — themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone — themoreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.
Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethose ruts ofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.
“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof TheOpenMind.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”
Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960discoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:
analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.
Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book ThisYearIWill... andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.
21.InWordsworth’sview,“habits”ischaracterizedbybeing.
[A]casual
[B]familiar
[C]mechanical
[D]changeable.
22.Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe.
[A]predicted
[B]regulated
[C]traced
[D]guided
23.“ruts”(Line1,Paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningto.
[A]tracks
[B]series
[C]characteristics
[D]connections
24.DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat.
[A]ideasarebornofarelaxingmind
[B]innovativenesscouldbetaught
[C]decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas
[D]curiosityactivatescreativeminds
25.Ryan’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedtesting
[A]preventsnewhabitsfrombeingformed
[B]nolongeremphasizescommonness
[C]maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel
[D]complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem
Text2
Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom — oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellout$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore — andanother$120togettheresults.
Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFogg,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.
Amongthemostpopular:
paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists — andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.
Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.
Butsomeobserversareskeptical.“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTroyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors — numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichispasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.
Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemayhavealotofdatafromsomeregionsandnotothers,soaperson’stestresultsmaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.
26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s_________.
[A]easyavailability
[B]flexibilityinpricing
[C]successfulpromotion
[D]popularitywithhouseholds
27.PTKisusedto________.
[A]locateone’sbirthplace
[B]promotegeneticresearch
[C]identifyparent-childkinship
[D]choosechildrenforadoption
28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto________.
[A]tracedistantancestors
[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines
[C]fullyusegeneticinformation
[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy
29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis________.
[A]disorganizeddatacollection
[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding
[C]excessivesamplecomparison
[D]lackofpatentevaluation
30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe________.
[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNATesting
[B]DNATestingandItsProblems
[C]DNATestingOutsidetheLab
[D]LiesBehindDNATesting
Text3
Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareas
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