南京高考英语备考之阅读理解压轴突破训练培优 易错 难题篇.docx
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南京高考英语备考之阅读理解压轴突破训练培优 易错 难题篇.docx
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南京高考英语备考之阅读理解压轴突破训练培优易错难题篇
一、高中英语阅读理解
1.阅读理解
ScientistsattheUniversityofOxfordhavedevelopednewartificialintelligence(AI)softwaretorecognizeandfollowupthefacesofchimpanzees(黑猩猩)inthewild.Thenewsoftwarewillallowresearchersandwildlifeconservationiststosignificantlycutbackontimespentanalyzingvideos,accordingtothenewpaperpublishedinScienceAdvances.
Forspecies(物种)likechimpanzeeswhichhavecomplexsociallivesandliveformanyyears,gettingphotosoftheirbehaviortakenfromshort-termfieldresearchcanonlytellussomuch,"saysDanSchofield,researcherandDPhilstudentatOxfordUniversity'sPrivateModelsLab,SchoolofAnthropology."Bytakingadvantageofthepowerofmachinelearningtounlocklargevideofiles,itmakesitpossibletomeasurebehavioroverthelongterm."
Thecomputermodelwastrainedusingover10millionimages(影像):
fromKyotoUniversitysPrimateResearchInstitute(PRI)videofilesofwildchimpanzeesinGuinea,WestAfrica.Thenewsoftwareisthefirsttocontinuouslytrackandrecognizeindividualawiderangeofposes,performingwithhighaccuracyindifficultconditionssuchaslowlightingandpoorimagequality.
"Accesstothislargevideofilehasallowedustousedeepneuralnetworkstotrainmodelstoadegreethatwaspreviouslynotpossible,"saysArshaNagrad,co-autherofthestudyandDPhilstudentattheDepartmentofEngineerScience,UniversityofOxford."Additionally,ournewsoftwarediffersfrompreviousprimatefacerecognitionsoftwareinthatitcanbeappliedtovideoswithlimitedmanualintervention(人工干预),savinghoursoftime."
ThetechnologycanbepotentiallyusedtomonitorspeciesforconservationAlthoughthepresentapplicationfocusesonchimpanzees,theAIsoftwareprovidedwillbeappliedtootherspecies,andhelpdrivetheadoptionofAIsystemstosolve(解决)arangeofproblemsinthewildlifesciences.
(1)Whatisthepurposeofdevelopingthenewsoft?
A.Tosavewildliferesearchers'timespentinthelabs.
B.Tokeeptrackofwildlifeconservationists'behaviors.
C.Toprotectchimpanzeesandhelpthemtolivelonger.
D.Torecognizeandtrackthefacesofwildchimpanzees.
(2)Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inparagraph2referto?
A.Gettingphotos.
B.Analyzingvideos.
C.Apowerfulmachine
D.ThenewAIsoftware.
(3)Whatdoesparagraph4mainlytalkabout?
A.Theworkingprincipleofthenewsoftware.
B.Somelimitationsofusingthenewsoftware.
C.Theuniqueadvantagesofthenewsoftware.
D.Controversialattitudestothenewsoftware.
(4)Whatcanbeknownfromthelastparagraph?
A.Technologyadvanceisthefinalgoalofscience
B.Thenewsoftwarewon'tjustbeappliedtochimpanzees.
C.AIsystemsarewidelyusedinthewildlifesciences.
D.Theapplicationofthenewtechnologyisn'teasy.
【答案】
(1)D
(2)D
(3)C
(4)B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了一种新的人工智能软件,这种软件可以识别和追踪黑猩猩的面孔,大大节省了研究者和野生动物保护者的时间,而且它还可以应用到其他的物种研究。
(1)考查细节理解。
根据第一段中的”ScientistsattheUniversityofOxfordhavedevelopednewartificialintelligence(AI)softwaretorecognizeandfollowupthefacesofchimpanzees(黑猩猩)inthewild.”可知,新软件的开发是为了识别和追踪野外黑猩猩的面孔。
故选D。
(2)考查代词指代。
根据第一段的叙述及第二段中的“Bytakingadvantageofthepowerofmachinelearningtounlocklargevideofiles…”可推断it指代第一段中提到的新的人工智能软件。
故选D。
(3)考查段落大意。
根据第四段的叙述可知,本段主要介绍了新软件与其他软件相比所具有的独特的优势。
故选C。
(4)考查细节理解。
根据最后一段中的“ThetechnologycanbepotentiallyusedtomonitorspeciesforconservationAlthoughthepresentapplicationfocusesonchimpanzees,theAIsoftwareprovidedwillbeappliedtootherspecies.可知,新的软件不仅被用在黑猩猩身上,它还将被用于其他物种。
故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,代词指代和段落大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科技类阅读,要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上,进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。
2.阅读理解
EngineersinUpstateNewYorkhaveinventedafoldedpaperdevicethatlookslikeadecoratedartproject.Butdon'tbefooled.Thisisactuallyapaper-basedbattery.No,itdoesn'tlooklikeanyofthosemetalbatteriesrunningflashlightsorsmartphones.Inthesesystems,thebatterycanbeprintedonapage.Thebattery'spowerconsistsoflivingbacteria.
Paperelectronicsaresimpletomakeandinexpensive,notesstudyleaderSeokheunChoi,anengineeratBinghamtonUniversity.Theyneednoelectricaloutlettorecharge.Theyjustneedmorebacteria,whichcanbefoundeverywhere—includingdirtywater.
"Mostbatteriesusechemicalstogenerateelectricity.Substitutingbacteriacanbeanadvantage,"Choisays."Theyarecheapandself-repairing."Whatpaper-basedbatterieswon'tdoisgeneratemuchpower.Theydo,howevercreateenoughtorunsmalldevicesinfarawayordangerousplaces—suchasabattlefield.Theymightalsofinduseinmedicine.Forinstance,theymightpowertinysensors,suchasthetypesusedtomeasurebloodsugar.
Thisinventionisbasedonanobservationmademorethanacenturyago—thatmicrobes(微生物)produceelectricityastheydigestfood.Scientistsrefertothebio-batteriesbasedonthisprincipleasmicrobialfuelcells.Afuelcellgenerateselectricitylikearegularbattery.Butaregularbatterystopsproducingelectricitywhenitsinnerchemicalreactionsstop.Afuelcellusesfuelthatcanberefilled.Inthiscase,bacteriaserveasthefuel.Byrefillingmoremicrobes,asneeded,scientistscankeepthesefuelcellsrunning.
Labtestshaveshownthatthenewbatterycanproduceacurrent.Now,Choiandhisteamarelookingatwaystoincreasethepower.They'restudyingdifferentshapesandmaterialsfortheanodeandcathode(正负极).They'realsolookingforthebestwaystocombinebatteriesformorepower.Thebeautyofthepaperdevicesisthatyoucansimplyfoldthemtoconnectthem.Andtheysurelywillbeatrendinthenearfuture.
(1)Whatmakesthepaper-basedbatteriesdifferentfromotherbatteries?
A. Theyaremainlyusedtorunsmartphones.
B. Theyusebacteriatogenerateelectricity.
C. Theyareusedtodecoratesmalldevices.
D. Theytakeamuchshortertimetorecharge.
(2)Whatcanthepaper-basedbatteriesdo?
A. Powertinydevices.
B. Lowerbloodsugarlevels.
C. Producemuchelectricity.
D. Changechemicalsinthepaper.
(3)Whatisthefourthparagraphmainlyabout?
A. Theapplicationofthenewbattery. B. Thecharacteristicsofthepaperbatteries.
C. Theintentiontoinventthedevice. D. Theworkingprincipleoftheinvention.
(4)Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofthepaper-basedbatteries?
A.Defensive.
B.Optimistic.
C.Doubtful.
D.Ambiguous.
【答案】
(1)B
(2)A
(3)D
(4)B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了纸基电池的原理,这种电池可以通过微生物进行充电,同时,该电池也可以运用在医学方面,如测试血糖等。
研发团队则在寻找能使该电池储存更多电量的方法。
该电池最大的优势是可以随时随地折叠起来带走。
(1)考查细节理解。
根据第二段中的"Theyneednoelectricaloutlettorecharge.Theyjustneedmorebacteria,whichcanbefoundeverywhere—includingdirtywater."这种电池是不需要外接发电设备进行充电的,只需要细菌就可以充电了,这是该电池与传统电池的不同之处。
故选B。
(2)考查细节理解。
根据第三段中的"Whatpaper-basedbatterieswon'tdoisgeneratemuchpower.Theydo,howevercreateenoughtorunsmalldevicesinfarawayordangerousplaces"纸基电池不会储存很多的电量,但这些电量还是能远程支持一些小型设备或运用在一些危险的地方,A项符合题意,故选A。
(3)考查主旨大意。
根据第四段中的"Thisinventionisbasedonanobservationmademorethanacenturyago—thatmicrobes(微生物)produceelectricityastheydigestfood",这项发明是基于百年前的一项观察,即微生物在消化食物的时候会产生电量。
因此,科学家们"Scientistsrefertothebio-batteriesbasedonthisprincipleasmicrobialfuelcells"根据这一原理将生物电池成为微生物燃料电池。
由此可知,第四段介绍了生物电池的工作原理,故选D。
(4)考查推理判断。
根据最后一段中的"Thebeautyofthepaperdevicesisthatyoucansimplyfoldthemtoconnectthem"该电池的优点是,人们可以简单地通过折叠来连接它们。
作者用到beauty"优点"一词来说明该设备,说明作者对于该设备持一种积极的态度。
故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科普类阅读,要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上,进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。
3.阅读理解
Itseemseverymajorcityandtownaroundtheworldhostsanannualmarathon,withthousandsofathletesrunningagruelling42.1kilometres.Whilemanyrunners'motivationistobeattheirpersonalbestandcrossthefinishinglinewithoutcollapsing,they'realsodoingitforagoodcause—togeneratefundsforcharity.Butlikeothermajorevents,themarathonalsogeneratesamassivecarbonfootprint.Thousandstravel—somebyplane—tothelocation,andwastefromfoodpackagingandgoodybagsgetsleftbehindbyspectatorsandrunners.Thisisbecomingabigissueforcities—howtohostaworthwhileevent,encouragingpeopletoexerciseandhelpcharities,whileprotectingtheenvironment?
Severalcitieshavedevelopedformalplanstoreducetheirenvironmentalimpactandpromotesustainable(可持续的)ideas.OneeventinWales,forexample,introducedrecyclingforoldrunningkit.
It'ssomethingthatthisyear'sLondonMarathontriedtotacklebyreducingthenumberofdrinkstationsontherunningroute,givingoutwaterinpapercupsandofferingsomedrinksineatableseaweedcapsules.Theyalsotriallednewbottlebeltsmadefromrecycledplasticso700runnerscouldcarrywaterbottleswiththemduringtheirrun.LondonMarathoneventdirectorHughBrasnertoldtheBBC:
"Therearealotofinitiatives(倡议)weareusingthisyearthatwethinkwillleadtosomehugebehaviouralchangesinthefuture."
Meanwhile,somepeoplestillthinkrunningamarathoncouldbeourbestfootforwardinhelpingtheplanet.DrAndreaCollinsfromCardiffUniversitytoldtheBBC:
"Trainingforamarathonmakesyoumoresustainableinday-to-dayactivities.Istartedwalkingorrunningtoworkeverydayandshunningpublictransportaltogether.Beingenvironmentallyfriendlywhiletrainingstickswithyouandbecomesawayoflife."
(1)Whydomanypeopleenterforamarathon?
A. Toachievetheirownambitions.
B. Togenerateamassivecarbonfootprint.
C. Toimprovethemselvesbothphysicallyandmentally.
D. Tochallengetheirpersonall
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