我的社会语言学小论文.docx
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我的社会语言学小论文.docx
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我的社会语言学小论文
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearningi
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearning
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearningii
Abstract
Sapir-WhorfHypothesis,whichstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought,ithasplayedaleadingroleintheacademicworldforalongtime.Somescholarsclaimthatpeople'sthoughtwasinfluenced,directlyanddefinitely,bylanguage.Butsomesticktotheviewthatthishypothesisischaracterizedbythefollowingshortcomings:
theexaggerationofthefunctionoflanguage,thelimitedexplanatoryability,theignoranceofdiachronicchangeandlanguageandthelackofabilitytoexplainlanguagevariance.ButaftertheanalysisofthelinguisticfeaturesofChineseandEnglish,aswellastheirrespectivemodesofthought,boththestrongandweakversionseemsinvalid.Maybeitismorecorrecttosaythatlanguageisthecarrierofthoughtandreflectsthought.Languageandthoughtinteractwitheachother.
Thoughtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthoughtishardtodefine,thestudyitselfhasitsimplicationsforforeignlanguageteachingandlearning:
inconceptunderstanding,insyntaxstudyordiscoursestudy,aswellasinvocabularystudy,willbemoreeffectiveifitisfromdifferentcognitiveperspectivesanddifferentmodesofthought.
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearningiii
Contents
ChapterIIntroductiontoSapir-WhorfHypothesis……………………………1
ChapterIIContrastivelinguisticfeaturesofChineseandEnglish……………2
2.1ParataxisandHypotaxis……………………………………………….2
2.2ActiveandPassive…………………………………………………….3
2.3DynamicandStatic……………………………………………………3
2.4PersonandImperson………………………………………………….4
ChapterIIIContrastivethinking-patternsofChineseandEnglish…………...4
3.1EthicsandCognition………………………………………………….4
3.2SyntheticandAnalytic……………………………………………….5
3.3IntuitionandEvidence………………………………………………..5
3.4FigurativethinkingandLogicthinking……………………………….5
ChapterIVRelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought……………………..6
ChapterVTheimplicationofRelationshipbetweenlanguageandthoughtonforeignlanguagelearning…………………………………………..7
5.1Conceptuallevel………………………………………………………..7
5.2Wordlevel……………………………………………………………8
5.3Syntacticlevel………………………………………………………..8
5.4Textuallevel…………………………………………………………9
ChapterVIConclusion…………………………………………………9
References...............................................................................................10
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearning1
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearning
Sapir-WhorfHypothesis,whichstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought.Ithastwoversions-------thestrongversion,languagedeterminismandtheweakversion--------languagerelativism.Itholdsthatlanguageshapesthought,andatleastinfluencesthought,butIcontentthatlanguageisthemanifestationofthought.hasitsimplicationsforforeignlanguageteachingandlearning:
learning,inconceptunderstanding,insyntaxstudyordiscoursestudy,aswellasinvocabularystudy,willbemoreeffectiveifitisfromdifferentcognitiveperspectivesanddifferentcultures.
Learningaforeignlanguage,ChineseorEnglish,it’slearninghowtousetheforeignlanguageasatoolforsecondmodeofthought.Sothecomparisonofthetwodifferentthinking-patternsisbeneficialandessentialtomasterthetargetlanguageandimproveabilityofsecondmodeofthought.Forexample,itwillgivetheguidetotheteachingofsecondlanguageandthewritingofcomposition.Ofcoursemodeofthoughtbelongstophilosophy.Soitisaverycomplicatedconcept,andtogodeepintoitwillneedaverylongtimeandalsorequiresmanyefforts.
ChapterIIntroductiontotheSapir-WhorfHypothesis
Sapir-WhorfHypothesisisatheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorf.Itstatesthatlanguagedeterminesthoughtandspeakersofdifferentlanguagesperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently.
Asaveryinfluentialbutalsoextremelycontroversialtheorythathaseverbeenmadeinthestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlanguageandculture.Ithasplayedaleadingroleinthe
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearning2
academicworldforalongtime,claimedthatpeople'sthoughtwasinfluenced,directlyanddefinitely,bylanguage.Ithasevolvedintotwoversions;thestrongversion:
Linguisticdeterminism,whichholdsthatLanguageisashaperofideas;thestructureofalanguageshapesorconstrainsthewaywethinkaboutandinterpretrealityinthatlanguage;anotheristheweakversion:
Linguisticrelativism,whichbelievesthatLanguageinfluencesthewaywethinkaboutandconceptualizereality;ourthoughtprocessesare“filtered”throughthelanguagewespeak.
Idon'tthinktheSapir-WhorfHypothesisisvalid,becauseasforasIamconcerned,ourthinking-patternshavecontrolledoverourlanguages,andlanguagesaretheconcretemanifestationofourmodesofthought.Modesofthoughtdecidetheuseoflanguages,andthereasonshowlanguagesareinfluencedbymodesofthoughtshouldbeexaminedfromtheirrelationship.
Inordertofindtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought,firstitisnecessarytoanalyzethedifferentlinguisticfeaturesofChineseandEnglishaswellastheirrespectivemodesofthought.
ChapterIIAcontrastiveoflinguisticfeaturesofChineseandEnglish
ChineseandEnglishbelongtodifferentlanguagefamilies,ofwhichtheformerisabranchofSino-Tibetan;thelatterisopartofIndo-European.Theyaredoomedtohavedifferentfeatures.Specifically,themaindifferencesoflinguisticfeaturesbetweenChineseandlanguageareasfollows:
2.1ParataxisandHypotaxis
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearning3
ChineseisakindofparatacticlanguagewhileEnglishishypotactic.AsNidastatesinhisbookthatstudyfromlinguistics,themostimportantdifferentcharacteristicbetweenChineseandEnglishisthedifferenceofparataxisandhypotaxis.LiuMiqingholdstheopinionthathypotaxisandparataxisarethe“uniquecharacteristic”forEnglishandChinese.(转引自张思洁,张柏然,2001:
13)
Parataxismeansthatthecomponentpartsofthesentenceareplacedinadefiniteordertoindicatetheirrelationshipwithoutanyconnectivesinbetween.So,thesyntacticstructureappearstobesomewhatloose,butratherconciseandexpressive.(贾德江,2002:
36)
Hypotaxisreferstothecasethatthecomponentpartsofasentencearejoinedtogetherbyusingdefiniteconnectives,suchaspreposition,relativepronouns,conjunction,affixes,etc.(孙萍,2004:
35)
Thatistosay,Chinesegrammarismorecovert,andit'smoreconcernedwiththeunityofmeaningratherthantheform;whileEnglishisanovertlanguage,asitssentencestructureiswell-formedandstrict.
2.2ActiveandPassive
ChineseisinfavorofactivevoiceandEnglishislikelytousepassivevoice.Forexample,Ithasbeenknownforalongtimethatthereisafirstrelationshipbetweentheheartandliver(长期以来,大家都知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最主要的。
).
2.3DynamicandStatic
ChineseisdynamicandEnglishisastaticlanguage:
ChinesepreferstouseverbswhileEnglishtendstousemorenouns.Forexample:
Goodeatersandsleepersarenotalways
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearning4
healthy(能吃能喝不见得就健康。
).Sheisaregularvisitorofthemuseum(她经常参观博物馆。
).
2.4PersonandImperson
ChineseisapersonallanguageandEnglishisanimpersonal.Forinstance,Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance(我兴奋得说不出话来。
).Hisreturnbringsgreatrelieftoeverybodyinhisfamily(他回来了,全家人都如释重负。
).
Besides,thererealsosomeotherdifferences.InChinese,sentencesareusuallysimpleandshortwhilethoseofEnglisharealmostcomplicatedandlong.Thenwhenitcomestothepositionofmodifier,inChinesemodifiersareusuallyputbeforethenoun,unlikethoseinEnglishwhicharealwayslocatedafterthenoun.ThelastdifferenceisthatChineseisaninflectionlesslanguagewhileEnglishisaninflectionalone.
ChapterIIIDifferenceinthinkingpatterns
Peopleofdifferentnationalitiesdiffernotonlyinlanguage,butalsodifferinthinkingpatterns.ThedifferencesofphilosophyandculturalbackgroundbetweenEnglishandChinesehaveresultedintherethinkingoftheHannationalityasanentiretythinkingcountryandtheEnglishpeopleindividualcharacteristicsofthinking.
3.1EthicsandCognition
Chineseemphasizesethics,andthewesternsemphasizesoncognition.Andthiscanbeshownfromthevocabularies.OneofChinesecorevaluesisorderingrelationshipsbystatusandobservingthisorder,sowhenitcomestotheaddressingofkinship,ChinesehasamorecomplicatedsystemthanthatofEnglish.Sowhenwewantsay爸爸and妈妈,theyuse
FromSapir-WhorfHypothesistoForeignLanguageLearning5
parents,whenweuse舅妈,姑姑,婶婶,阿姨,theyuseaunt.Theyhavesomegeneraltermstorefertosometotallydifferentrelatives.
3.2SyntheticandAnalytic
Chineseemphasizesonintegrity,sothethinkingpatternissynthetic,whichcanbeseenfromthecovertnessofChinesegrammaranditsparataxisofsyntax;whileEnglishemphasizesonindividualism,ofwhichthethinkingpatternisanalytic,whichcanbeseenfromtheovertnessofitsgrammarandhypotaxisofitssyntax.
3.3IntuitionandEvidence
Chinesepeopledependonintuition,whilewesternersvalueevidence.TheChinesepeopleareconcernedmorewiththeirownbodiesinexpressingemotions,sointuitionthinkingisthemainfeatureoftheirmodeofthought,forwhichpeoplestudyobjectsasawholeandemphasizeentirety.Chinesephilosophyissystematicalnatur
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