汽车发动机设计外文文献翻译.docx
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汽车发动机设计外文文献翻译.docx
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汽车发动机设计外文文献翻译
外文文献翻译
(含:
英文原文及中文译文)
文献出处:
EckhardtSK.Lightenginedesign[C]英文原文
Lightenginedesign
EckhardtSK
Abstract
Inthepastfewyears,thefuelefficiencyofthenewgenerationofautomotiveenginesisnotaslowasweexpected.Thereason:
theweightofthecarincreases.Throughtheanalysisofthevehicle'soverallvehicleweightandpartweight,thecrankcaseasasinglecomponenthaspotentialweight-reducingcomponents.Thispaperdescribesamethodtoreduceengineweightbyusinglightweightmaterialsandmoderndesignmethods.
Theapplicationoflightweightmaterialstothecrankcasedesignconceptencompassesawiderangeofdesignconcepts.Thedesignphilosophyistomakethebestuseofthepossibilitiesoftheselectedmaterialstoreducetheweightofthecar.Iwilldiscussindetailaboutin-lineandV.-Conceptofthespecialmethodofenginetype,engineweightreductioncanalsobeusedtoreplacelargeandheavyengineswithsmallandmedium-sizedengines.Moderntechnologyisappliedtoexistingenginedesignconceptstoincreaseenginepower-to-weightratioandimproveengineperformance.Therefore,itsmarketvaluehasalsobeenimproved.
Oneoftheimportantaspectsofthenewlightweightenginedesignistoreducethenumberofenginepartsasmuchaspossiblecomparedtotraditionalenginedesignconcepts,becauseitisveryimportantforreducingtheweightoftheentirevehicle.
Keywords:
engine,automobile,crankshaft,transmission
Introduction
ThedemandforautomobilestocontinuetoserveasordinarytransportationintheecologicalaspectandinthefuturehasbeensignificantlyimprovedespeciallyintheUnitedStatesandEurope.Throughlegalrequirements,thosestressedcustomersarerelievedinthisregard.Itisnecessarytotakeintoaccountthefactthatforfuelconsumption,emissions,andrecycling,thereisaresponsetotheuseofthesecentralissues.
Inthepastfewyears,advancesinthedevelopmentofautomotiveengineshaveresultedinsignificantimprovementsinenginepowerwhilegreateffortshavebeenmadetoreduceenginefuelconsumptionandemissions.Byapplyingdirectinjection,exhaustgasturbineboostandmulti-valvetechnologyindieselengines,engineperformancehasbeensignificantlyimproved.
Whenthenewcarisreplacedwithallthesimilarlyfunctioningcarsbeforeit,theengineefficiencyofthenewcarisnotimprovedthroughtheeffectiveimprovementoftheoriginalcar.Thereasonforthestagnationorevenloweringoftheefficiencyoftheentiretransportationsystemhasbeentheincreaseof15%to20%ofvehiclesinthepastdecadeandahalf.Despitetheever-increasinguseoflightweightmaterialsandthedesigner'sconsciousdesignoflightweightstructures,weightreductionhasbeenoffsetbyothers.Readerscanlearnaboutthefollowing:
Securityimprovements
AboutNVHComfortImprovements
Improvementsinsustainedpoweroutputandimprovementsinautomotivework
Reliabilityimprovements
Bodyweightgainisnotaretrogressionincardevelopment.Continuouslyincreasingcustomerdemandandstrictstandardsrequirethedevelopmentofheavy-dutyvehicles,sopeoplearebeginningtorealizethatthemostconvenientwaytoeliminatethisunfavorablefactoristoreducethenumberofvehiclesbutkeeptheengineperformanceunchanged,sothecrankcasecausesustopayspecialattentionbecauseitaccountsfor21%~25%oftheentireengineweight.Mostdieselenginecrankcaseignitionpeakpressurescanreach16megapascals,whichcancausequitehighpartialloadsundersuchpressures.Reducingfuelconsumptionandemissionscanhelpimprovetheperformanceofthecarandalsohelpreducethemanufacturingcostsofcarparts.Thispaperisabouttheideaofreducingmodernhigh-performanceengines.Thefigureshowstheschematicdiagramofthecorepartofatypical2-litregasolineengine.Anotablepartisthecrankcasebecauseithasthepotentialtoreducethegasolineengineweightby10%to12%.
Theuseofeachmaterialneedstobeimproved.Theuseofnewlightweightmaterialsmustbeconsideredbothtechnicallyandeconomically.Thereductioninbodyweightisnotlimitedtotheideaoftheengine.
Engineswithhighpower-to-weightratiosandtorqueshaveagreatpotentialforreducingengineweight.Thedirectinjectionandexhaustgasturbochargingtechnologiesthatcanbeusedtoachievemaximumpowerinmoderndieselenginesareakeytechnology.Thefour-valvetechnologyshouldbeconsideredforengineswithaborediameterof75cmormoreinordertoincreasetheenginepower-to-weightratio,butatthesametime,morestringentemissionregulationsmustbetakenintoaccount.Figure3showsthattheengineproductioncycleisbasedonsmallchangesintheenginestructuretoincreasethepower-to-weightratiooftheengine.
Thereisnotmuchroomforfurtherimprovementinpower-to-massratioandtorquethroughtechnologiessuchasdirectinjectionandturbocharging,becausetherearestricteremissionregulationstolimitit.Therefore,startingfromthestructuralaspectinthefuturewillgivetheenginemoreroomfordevelopment.Thedesignconceptofapplyinglightweightmaterialsisanecessityinmoderncrankcasedesignconceptstoreducebodyweight.
Thedesignconceptoflightweightmaterials-differentsingleorintegratedsolutions,itcanbeeffectivelyappliedtoreducetheweightofatypicalcarengine.Figure4showsfourdesignmethodsforlightweightmaterials.Thebasicengineconfiguration,integrateddesign,andmaterialselectionareallstronglylinkedbecausetheyarerelatedtostructuralstrengthcalculationsandrelatedacousticaspects.
Averyprominentboundaryconditionforcrankcasedesignistheproductionprocessandfunctionalrequirements.Innovativedesignmethodsplayanimportantroleinenablingtheadvantagesoflightweightmaterialstobeplayed.Becauseofhighermaterialcosts,simplematerialstoreplacethoseofhigh-cost,light-weightmaterialiron,combineduseoflightweightmaterials,andinnovativedesignmethodsforenginesandcomponentsresultinlighterenginesandcheaperparts.
Effortstofindoptimaldesignsusingspeciallightweightmaterialsareoftenlimitedbecausetheextrarequirementsarealwaysimposedontheenginehomedesign.Forexample,professionalproductionlinesneedtotakeintoconsiderationvariousaspectssuchasannoyingspace,topheight,etc.,butitisalsoeasytoincreasethemarketshareofexistingengines.Forexample,itcanbereplacedbymaterialsbutrequiresthatthematerialstobereplacedbemechanicallymanufacturedandAssemblyprocesscontinuity.Completionofaredesignrequiresonlychangingthematerial'sperformance.Thecrankcasedesignmodificationisadaptableduringthemechanicalmanufacturingprocess.Atthesametime,moremodificationsarerequiredforthefreespaceinthenewcrankcasedesign.OnecrankcaseisdesignedusingtheAVLtrusssystem.Examplesofmanufacturing[4].TheAVLtrusssystemhasaverylargeweightsavingpossibilityintermsofadoptingahardstructureconcept.Otheradvantagesareintermsofacousticsandtheintegrityofthecrankcaseventilationsystemandthedesignoftheoilchannelconnectingthehorizontalchannels.
Firstofall,thiskindofdesignphilosophyistousethecompressedleadpowderiron(hereafterabbreviatedasCGI)todesignthecrankcase[5]butatthesametimeitisalsoconfirmedthatthisdesignisbasedonthegraycastironcrankcase[6,7and8].
AsensitivematerialintheCGIcrankcaseisusedinthedesignofthecar'stopdeck,illustratedinFigure8.Thestressconcentrationareaisabout10~14mmatthethickestpartoftheboardsurfacewithexcellentacousticsandthepossibilityofreducingtheweightofthetopboard.Thewallthicknessofthesmallerstressconcentrationareaisabout3.5mm.Theuseoflightweightmaterialswhereverpossibleisthebestdesignforcrankcaseflangeareascomparedtothosedesignedtominimizewallthicknessathighcost.
TheCGImaterialtellsusthatalthoughCGIhasthesamematerialdensityaschlorinebutintegratesitintothelightweightmaterialdesignmethod,CGImaterialcanreducetheweightofthedesignedcrankcasebyapproximately10%.Thepartsshownaredesignedusingspecialideas.Thecomplexsteelskeletonmadeofferrousmaterialswithgasandboltforcemakesthewholecylinderintegral,andposesacertainthreattotheentirecylinderheadandthemainprotrudingpartsoftheshaft.Throughthedissolutionofthesteelpart,itisknownthattheouterpartofthesealingsteelconsistsofcastthinmetal.Thedissolutionofthealuminumpartisknown:
itconsistsofanaluminumalloy.Theapplicationofthelow-costcrankcaseconceptislimitedduetotheadditionalcostsincurredduetothecomplexskeleton.Itisrelativelyeasytoselectlightweightmaterialsthatarereadilyavailableforhigh-speeddieselengines.TheycanbeindividuallymountedbyusingCGIormountedoneachofthemainbearingwallsincludingcylinders.
Today,thedesignofaluminummaterialswithaweightreductionof40%replacesthedesignconceptofironusedinthepast.Inparticular,theuseofacastcrankcasemadeofleadcontainingchlorinehasproventobepossibleformostsecondarycrankcaseengines.Itdissolves,andthereasonwhythisprogramisinadditiontothepossibilityofoutstandingweightreduction,thereare:
Superiorthermalconductivity
Possibilityofhavingadvancedmanufacturingprocessesthatsupportcomplexanddelicatestructures
Haveaholisticpossibility
Smallertolerancerange
MarketAdvantage
Magnesium,whichisthelightestmaterialusedinthecrankcase,isparticularlychallengingtouseinhigh-speeddieselengine
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