各个大学英语综合考研真题.docx
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各个大学英语综合考研真题.docx
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各个大学英语综合考研真题
上海外国语大学2008年英语综合考研真题
I.CLOZE(30points)
Fillineachoftheblanksbelowwithawordprovidedinthebox.Youmaychangethewordsintotheirproperformsifneededsothatthewordsyouputinwillbegrammaticallyandsemanticallyappropriate.YoucanonlyusethewordsintheboxONCE.WriteyouransweronyourAnswerSheet.
abrasiveadaptablebathbehalfchallengeclearcrowdeddistractingedgefacefindfootgogoldhospitalkeylandliveopenotherpatientrationrecognizesamesoultaketracetrackworldworthy
Allthreewinnersofthisyear’sNobelPrizeforMedicineareeminentscientists,butMarioCapecchiistheonewiththespiral-staircasestory:
thestarving,homelessItalianstreetkidwhofoundhiswaytoAmerica,toHarvard,toUtah,evertherefugee,beforefinallyarrivingateternalgloryandtheNobelPrize.
It’sinmanywaysafamiliartale,OliverTwistmeetsAlbertEinstein,thepilgrimwhocomestothepromisedlandexpecting,ashesays,“theroadstobepavedin
(1).WhatIfoundactuallywasjustopportunity.”Buthistoryalsohasenoughniceserratededgesto
(2)ourtheoriesaboutgenesandgeniusandwhatreallymakesuswhoweare.
Youcouldsaythevisionarygeneticisthada(3)geneticedge.Capecchi’sgrandmotherwasapainter,hisunclearenownedphysicist,andhismotherLucyRamberganexpatAmericanpoet(4)inachaletintheItalianAlpswhenMariowasbornin1937.Shehadfalleninwithagroupofbohemianwriterswhobelieved,hersonsayswithjusta(5)ofbemusement,that“theycouldwipeoutFascismandNazismwithapen.”AftertheGestapocamein1941totakehertoDachau,Mario(6)onthestreets.Hewas4yearsold.
Allchildrenhavetheirownnormal;theyhavenotyetseenanyworldsotherthantheirown.Capecchi’s(7)wasanuncontrolledexperimentinresilience.“Ineverfeltsorryformyself,”herecalls,“Childrenareremarkably(8).Puttheminasituation,andtheysimplywilldowhateveritistheyneedtodo.”
Forhisbandofurchins,thatmeantacunningmethodicalpursuitoffoodandshelter.Theyworkedtogetherlikeraptors,onechild(9)thestreetvendorssoanothercouldstealthefruit.Capecchifinallylandedina(10)inReggioEmilia,wherehecouldstarvemoresystematically.Thedaily(11)inReggioEmilia,wherehecouldstarvemoresystematically.Thedaily(11)wasapieceofbreadandsomechicorycoffee,andtodeepthechildrenfromrunningoff,“they(12)allofourclothesaway.”Helayonabedwithnosheers,noblankets,feverishwithhunger.Itwastherehelearnedtheartof(13)plottingasheimaginedallthewayshemightescapeandtheobstacleshe’d(14)todoso.
In1945,whenAmericansoldiersliberatedDachau,Lucywenthuntingforherson.Shescouredhospitalrecords,searchingformorethanayearbeforeshe(15)himdown.Itwasonhis9thbirthday,Oct.6,1946,thatthemotherhescarcely(16)arrived,anewTyroleanoutfitinhand,includingthehatwiththefeather.ShetookhimtoRome,wherehehadhisfirst(17)insixyears,andultimatelytotheNewWorld,wheretheysettledinQuakerCommuneoutsidePhiladelphia.
Creativity,Capecchioncesaid,comesfrom“the(18)juxtaposition”oflifeexperiences.Hisoldlifeandnewonecertainlyrubbedeachotherraw.Someteacherswroteofftheferalboywhohadneverset(19)inaschoolandspokenoEnglish;butothersgavehimpaintsandtoldhimtomakemuralstocommunicate.Onedayhewasbeatingupthe(20)third-graders,sincethatwaswhatheknewhowtodo.Andsoonhewasbeatingupolderkidson(21)ofhispeers.“Thatgavemeaposition,”hesays,“somesocialstanding.”
Capecchiultimately(22)hiswaytoHarvard,thecenteroftheuniverseintheearlydaysofmolecularbiology.Buthefelt(23)bycolleagueswhoserivalriesconsumedthemasmuchastheirresearch.SohesetofffortheUniversityofUtah,wherethesightlinessuitedhimbetterandcollegialitywasthe(24)tosuccess.Helivesinahousehighoveracanyon.“Ilovelookingacrosslongdistance,”hesays.“Ithinkitsortof(25)upmymind.”
Thisvistaisnecessaryforhisworkaswellashis(26).Capecchilooksatscienceasaseriesofcircles:
thesmallestcircleistheoneinwhicheveryoneisdoingthe(27)thing.Asyoumovefartherout“fewerpeoplearewillingtogothere,butyou’rechartingnewarea.(28)toofar.Stepoutofbounds,andyou’reinsciencefiction.Soyouhavetobecareful,Butyouwanttobeasclosetothe(29)aspossible.”Whenhefirstproposedmanipulatingmousegenestohelpmodeldisease,theNIHgatekeepersthoughthewasovertheline,“Not(30)ofpursuit,”theysaidofhisgrantproposals.HappilyCapecchiignoredthem.Nowhetriumphedinspiteofhisordeals.
Ⅱ.PROOF-READING&ERRORCORRECTION(20points)
ThefollowingpassagecontainsTENerrors.EachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrcectitinthefollowingway:
Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“^”signandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline
Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/”andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Example
When^artmuseumwantsanewexhibit,
(1)^an
itneverbuysthingsinfinishedformandhangs
(2)never
themonthewall.Whenanaturalhistory
museumwantsanexhibition,itmustoften(3)exhibition-exhibit
buildit.
Note:
writeyouranswerontheanswersheet.
Inhis1988bestsellerABriefhistoryofTime,StephenHawkingmadereaderswonder:
iftheuniverseisexpanding,whereisitexpandingto?
NowHawkinghasteameduphisdaughter,Lucy
(1)with
Hawking,towriteGeorge’sSecretKeytotheUniverse,
thefirstinatrilogyofnovelsdirectedatthefertilemindsof
children.Inaninterviewone-mail,Hawkingexplains:
(2)
“Theaimofthebookistoencouragechildren’ssenseof
wonderattheuniverse.Wewantthemtolookupoutward.(3)
Onlythenwilltheybeabletomaketherightdecisionsto
safeguardthefutureofthehumanrace.”
George’sSecretKeytotheUniverse,aimed9-to11-year-olds,(4)
tellsthestoryofayoungboy,George,andacheeryastrophysicist,
Eric,whotalkingcomputeropensaportaltotheknown(5)
universe.Theduodonspacesuitsandusetheportaltosearch
forplanetstowhichhumanitycanescapetheirreversible(6)
warmingoftheearth.Alongtheway,Georgeandthereader
learnfromthebasicsofastrophysicsandastronomythrough(7)
illustrationsandcaptionedphotographs.“Youdon’tneed
actualsecretkeytoexploretheuniverse,”Georgeultimately(8)
discovers.“There’sonethateveryonecanuse.It’scalledphysics.”
TheHawkingsportraytheuniverseasharmonyand(9)
largelybenign.Butourpresentknowledgeoftheuniversesuggests
thatitis,infact,adesolateandoftenviolentexpanseplacein(10)
whichhumankindplaysaninconsequentialrole.
Ⅲ.READINGCOMPREHENSION(45points)
Inthissection,therearefivereadingpassagesfollowedbyatotalof30multiple-choicequestions.ReadthepassagesandthenwriteyouranswersonyourAnswerSheet.
PassageOne
ThisdictionaryisforpeoplewhowanttousemodernEnglish.ItoffersaccurateanddetailedinformationonthewaymodernEnglishisusedinallkindsofcommunication.ItisausefulguidetowritingandspeakingEnglishaswellasanaidtoreadingandunderstanding.
Thisdictionarylooksratherlikemostothersifyoudon’tlooktooclosely.Actuallyitisquitenewanddifferent.Thetechniquesusedtocompileitarenewanduseadvancedcomputertechnology.Fortheuser,thekindofinformationisdifferent,thequalityofinformationisdifferent,andthepresentationoftheinformationisdifferent.
Forthefirsttime,adictionaryhasbeencompiledbythethoroughexaminationofarepresentativegroupofEnglishtext,spokenandwritten,runningtomanymillionsofwords.Thismeansthatinadditiontoallthetoolsoftheconventionaldictionarymakers—widereadingandexperienceofEnglish,otherdictionariesandofcourseeyesandears—thisdictionaryisbasedonhard,measurableevidence.Nomajorusesaremissed,andthenumberoftimesauseoccurshasastronginfluenceonthewaytheentriesareorganized.Equally,thelargegroupoftexts,calledthecorpus,givesusreasonablegroundsforomittingmanyusesandword-formsthatdonotoccurinit.Itisdifficultforaconventionaldictionary,intheabsenceofevidence,todecidewhattoleaveout,andalotofquitemisleadinginformationisthuspreservedinthetraditionoflexicography.
Thisdictionarymakesabreakwithsuchtraditions.Wehavegonebacktobasicsandcollectedmanymillionsofwords,andputthemintoaverylargecomputer.Thedictionaryteamhashaddailyaccesstoabout20millionwords,withmanymoreinspecializedstores.Thewordscamefrombooks,magazines,newspapers,pamphlets,leaflets,conversation,radioandtelevisionbroadcasts.Thesourcesaregratefullyacknowledgedonpagexxii.TheaimwastoprovideafairrepresentationofcontemporaryEnglish.
Nosetoftexts,howeverlarge,canbefullyreliedon;allthetimetheinformationfromthetextshasbeenanalysedandappraisedbyateamoflexicographers,whoseprofessionalknowledgehasalsobeenusedwhereverthereisonlyasmallamountofevidenceoftheusageofawordorphrase.
Thequalityofinformationinthisdictionaryisdifferentfromothers.Withourtexturalevidenceitispossibletobepreciseabouttheshapeofphrasesandthee
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