ch03.docx
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ch03.docx
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ch03
Chapter3:
AdaptationtoAquaticandTerrestrialEnvironments
Topic:
soilmatricpotentialDifficulty:
hard
1.Watermoleculestendtoclingtooneanotherandtobeattractedtothesurfacesofsoilparticles.Thesephysicalforcesdeterminethematricpotentialofthesoil,whichinturncontributestothewaterpotentialofthesoil.Whichofthefollowingistrueofsoilmatricpotential?
A)Thecloserawatermoleculeistoasoilparticle,thehigher(andmorepositive)theforcewithwhichitisheld.
B)Thecloserawatermoleculeistoasoilparticle,thehigher(andmorenegative)theforcewithwhichitisheld.
C)Thecloserawatermoleculeistoasoilparticle,thelower(andmorepositive)theforcewithwhichitisheld.
D)Thecloserawatermoleculeistoasoilparticle,thelower(andmorenegative)theforcewithwhichitisheld.
Answer:
B
Topic:
osmosisDifficulty:
hard
2.Whenamembranepermeabletowaterseparateswaterofhigher(morenegative)potentialononesideofthemembranefromwateroflower(lessnegative)potentialontheother,whatwillbethetendencyofthewatermolecules?
A)Therewillbeanetdiffusionofwatermoleculesacrossthemembranefromthesideofhigher(morenegative)potentialtothesideoflower(lessnegative)potential.
B)Therewillbeanetdiffusionofwatermoleculesacrossthemembranefromthesideoflower(lessnegative)potentialtothesideofhigher(morenegative)potential.
C)Therewillbeequalmovementofwatermoleculesacrossthemembraneinbothdirections.
D)Therewillbenomovementofwatermoleculesacrossthemembrane.
Answer:
B
Topic:
soilmoistureretentionDifficulty:
moderate
3.Equalvolumesofdrymineralsoilareplacedintwocontainers.Thecontainersaredesignedtoretainthesoilstheycontain,butbothhavebottomsthatarefreelypermeabletowater.Onesoilisclayeyandtheotherissandy.Waterisappliedtothetopofeachcontaineruntilitdrainsfreelyfromthebottomofthecontainer.Noadditionalwaterisadded,andeachcontainerisallowedtostanduntilnowaterdrainsfromthebottom.Whichcontainerretainsmorewater?
A)Thecontainerwiththeclayeysoil.
B)Thecontainerwiththesandysoil.
C)Neither;bothwillcontainthesameamountofwater.
D)Neither;bothwillcontainnowateratall.
Answer:
A
Topic:
acquisitionofwaterbyplantsDifficulty:
moderate
4.Howdoplantscausewatertomovefromthesoilintotheirroots?
A)Theyactivelypumpwatermoleculesacrossthecellmembranesoftheirrootcells.
B)Theyexcretesubstancesfromtheirrootsthat"push"watermoleculesintotheirrootcells.
C)Theymaintainlowconcentrationsofsolutesintheirrootcells.
D)Theymaintainhighconcentrationsofsolutesintheirrootcells.
Answer:
D
Topic:
acquisitionofwaterbyplantsDifficulty:
moderate
5.Howdoplantsgrowingindesertsandsaltyenvironmentsobtainwaterfromthesoil?
A)bygreatlyexpandingthesurfaceareaoftheirrootsystems
B)byactivelypumpingwatermoleculesfromthesoilintotheirrootcells
C)byincreasingtheconcentrationsofsolutesintheirrootcells
D)bydecreasingtheconcentrationsofsolutesintheirrootcells
Answer:
C
Topic:
plantwaterrelationsDifficulty:
moderate
6.Accordingtothetension-cohesiontheoryofwatermovementinplants,whatgeneratestheforceneededtomovewaterfromtherootstothetopsofthetallesttrees?
A)pressuregeneratedbymolecularpumpslocatedintherootcells
B)pressuregeneratedbymolecularpumpslocatedinthexylemcellsofthestem
C)thehighlynegativepotentialgeneratedwhenwaterevaporatesfromleafcellsintotheatmosphere
D)noneoftheabove
Answer:
C
Topic:
controlofwaterlossinplantsDifficulty:
easy
7.Whichofthefollowingrepresent(s)plantadaptationsthatminimizewaterlossinaridenvironments?
A)densehairsandspinesC)recessedstomates
B)thick,waxycuticleD)alloftheabove
Answer:
D
Topic:
boundarylayereffectsinplantsDifficulty:
easy
8.Adenselayerofhairsandspinescreatesathick"boundarylayer"ofstillairadjacenttoaplant'ssurface.Thisboundarylayer:
A)reducesattacksbyherbivorousinsects.
B)attractspollinatorsandotherbeneficialinsects.
C)retardstheevaporationofwaterandlossofheat.
D)neitherbenefitsnorharmstheplant.
Answer:
C
Topic:
plantmineralnutritionDifficulty:
moderate
9.Whensoilconcentrationsofnutrientsarehigh,plantsrelyon__________toobtainthese;whenconcentrationsofthesesamenutrientsfallbelowcriticallevels,plantsthenturnincreasinglyto__________toobtainthem.
A)passivediffusion;activeuptakeB)activeuptake;passivediffusion
Answer:
A
Topic:
plantmineralnutritionDifficulty:
easy
10.Plantsfacedwithascarcityofsoilnutrientstypicallyrespondby:
A)increasingbothrootandshootgrowth.
B)decreasingbothrootandshootgrowth.
C)increasingrootgrowthanddecreasingshootgrowth.
D)decreasingrootgrowthandincreasingshootgrowth.
Answer:
C
Topic:
plantmineralnutritionDifficulty:
moderate
11.Plantsmaycopewithchronicallynutrient-poorsoilsbywhichofthefollowingadaptations?
A)byestablishingsymbioticrelationshipswithfungi
B)bygrowingslowlyandretainingleavesforlongperiods
C)bybothAandB
D)byneitherAnorB
Answer:
C
Topic:
plantmineralnutritionDifficulty:
hard
12.Soilsmayexhibitgreatspatialheterogeneity,withnutrientsthatarehighlyconcentratedinsmallpatches.Inacarefullydesignedexperiment,CahillandCaspergrewindividualsoftwoplantspeciesinsoilsinwhichnutrientswerethoroughlymixed(homogeneous)andinsoilsinwhichthesamenutrientswerelocatedinasinglepatch(heterogeneous).Whenplantsweregrownindividuallyunderthesetwoconditions,whatdidtheseresearchersfind?
A)Plantsgrownintheheterogeneoussoilhadthesamerootmassbutlargershootmassthanplantsgrowninthehomogeneoussoil.
B)Plantsgrownintheheterogeneoussoilhadthesamerootmassandthesameshootmassasplantsgrowninthehomogeneoussoil.
C)Plantsgrownintheheterogeneoussoilhadlargerrootmassbutthesameshootmassasplantsgrowninthehomogeneoussoil.
D)Plantsgrownintheheterogeneoussoilhadlargerrootmassandlargershootmassthanplantsgrowninthehomogeneoussoil.
Answer:
A
Topic:
photosynthesisDifficulty:
easy
13.Whichofthefollowingdescribesthephotosyntheticcompensationpointofaplant?
A)Compensationoccursatalightlevelwherethephotosyntheticassimilationofenergyisjustbalancedbyrespiration.
B)Compensationoccursatalightlevelabovewhichtheplantisnolongercapableofincreasingphotosyntheticassimilationofenergy.
Answer:
A
Topic:
photosynthesisDifficulty:
easy
14.Whichofthefollowingdescribesthephotosyntheticsaturationpointofaplant?
A)Saturationoccursatalightlevelwherethephotosyntheticassimilationofenergyisjustbalancedbyrespiration.
B)Saturationoccursatalightlevelabovewhichtheplantisnolongercapableofincreasingphotosyntheticassimilationofenergy.
Answer:
B
Topic:
photosynthesisDifficulty:
hard
15.WhyistheenzymeRuBPcarboxylasesoimportantinphotosyntheticassimilationofcarbon?
A)Thisenzymecontrolstheconversionoforganicacidsintoglucose.
B)ThisenzymecontrolstheconversionofenergycontainedinlightintoenergystoredinATP.
C)Thisenzymecontrolstheconversionofglucoseintosucrose.
D)ThisenzymecontrolstheincorporationofatmosphericcarbondioxideintoanorganiccompoundavailableforCalvincyclesynthesisofglucose.
Answer:
D
Topic:
photosynthesisDifficulty:
easy
16.WhichofthefollowingtypesofplantsisolatestheCalvincyclefromthedeleteriouseffectsofoxygenaccumulationwhilesupplyingtheCalvincyclewithhighconcentrationsofcarbondioxide?
A)C3plantsB)C4plantsC)bothoftheabove
Answer:
B
Topic:
photosynthesisDifficulty:
hard
17.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse?
A)C4plantsdevotelessleaftissuetophotosynthesisitselfthandoC3plantsandthuslosetheiradvantageunderconditionswhereC3photosynthesisfunctionsefficiently.
B)C4photosynthesisconfersseveraladvantagesonplants,includinggreaterefficiencyofcarbonassimilationandgreaterwater-useefficiency.
C)C4plantsphysicallyseparatethefirststepofphotosyntheticcarbonassimilation(inmesophyllcells)fromtheotherstepsofphotosynthesis(inbundlesheathcells).
D)ThefirstchemicalproductofphotosyntheticcarbonfixationinC4plantsisphosphoglycerate(PGA),a3-carbonmolecule.
Answer:
D
Topic:
photosynthesisDifficulty:
moderate
18.PlantswithCrassulaceanAcidMetabolism(CAM)exhibitatemporalseparationofcarbonfixation(carriedonatnight)fromtherestofthephotosyntheticprocess(carriedonduringdaylighthours).Otherwise,however,CAMplantsaremostsimilartowhichofthefollowingintheirphotosyntheticchemistry?
A)C3plantsB)C4Plants
Answer:
B
Topic:
waterbalanceofanimalsDifficulty:
easy
19.Marinefish(excludingcertainsharksandrays)liveinamediumwithahighersaltconcentrationthantheirbodies.Asaconsequence,theseanimalshavetocontendwithwhichofthefollowing?
A)replacingwaterlosttothesurroundingmediumwhileeliminatingexcesssaltsacquiredthroughdrinkingwater
B)retainingsaltswhileeliminatingexcesswaterabsorbedfromthesurroundingmedium
Answer:
A
Topic:
waterbalanceofanimalsDifficulty:
easy
20.Freshwaterfishliveinamediumthathaslowersaltconcentratio
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