EDA 英文翻译.docx
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EDA 英文翻译.docx
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EDA英文翻译
MajorachievementsoftheEuropeanshieldblanketR&DduringtheITEREDA,andtheirrelevanceforfuturenextstepmachines
欧洲在国际热核试验反应堆屏蔽的电子设计自动化研发上取得很大成就,这关系到下一步机器的运行
∙WDännera,
ACardellab,LJonesa,PLorenzettoa,DMaisonniera,GMalavasia,APeacocka,ERodgersa,FTavassolic
∙aEFDA-CloseSupportUnit,MPIfürPasamaphysik,Boltzmannstrasse2,D85748Garching,Germany
∙bITERJointCentralTeam,Boltzmannstrasse2,D85748Garching,Germany
∙cCEASRMAIDECM,CEASaclay,91191GifsurYvette,Cedex,France
Availableonline16January2001
Chooseanoptiontolocate/accessthisarticle:
∙
Abstract摘要
Intheframeoftheinternationalthermonuclearexperimentalreactors(ITER)collaboration,theEuropeanhometeam(EUHT)hascommittedsignificanteffortsontheR&DfortheShieldBlanket.在国际国际热核试验反应堆的合作框架内,欧洲团队承诺对反应堆屏护设计发挥重要作用。
Thispapersummarisesthemainachievementsofthisprogramme,whichhavebeenobtainedoverthelast7years.本文总结了在过去7年这个项目已获得的主要成果。
ThedepthofR&Dextendsfromgenericactivitiesuptothemanufactureofprototypes,buthas,inaccordancewiththedesignprogress,reacheddifferentstagesofmaturityforthevariouscomponents.
研发的深度从通用活动延伸到生产的原型,按照设计的进步,达到不同的成熟阶段的各种组件。
NewITERoptionsbeingconsideredsinceearly1998havenotmadetheseactivitiesirrelevant.
新的ITER选项被认为是使自1998年初以来的这些活动没有变得无关紧要。
Withfewexceptions,theresultsarestillapplicableforlessambitiousnextstepmachines,ortransferabletocomponentswithsimilarfunctionsorrequirements.
除了少数例外,结果仍适用于不那么雄心勃勃的下一步机器,或转移到具有类似功能需求的组件上。
Keywords关键词
∙Internationalthermonuclearexperimentalreactors;
∙国际热核试验反应堆
∙Europeanhometeam;
∙欧洲团队
∙Nextstepmachines
∙下一步机器
1.Introduction
Intheframeoftheinternationalthermonuclearexperimentalreactors(ITER)EDA,theEuropeanhometeam(EUHT)has,astheleadingpartnerfortheJCT,contributedsignificanteffortstotheShieldBlanketR&D.Alltheseactivitieshadbeenorientedtowardsthereferencedesignsolutionsfor,andthespecificoperationconditionsofITERasdocumentedinthefinaldesignreport(FDR)[1].Inmanyareas,theEuropeanactivitieswerecomplementedbyrelevanteffortsoftheJapanese,theRussian,andtheUnitedStateshometeamsinaprojecttypeorganisation,calledtheITERL-4largeproject.TheprocessofredesigningITERforreducedtechnicalobjectivesandreducedcost(RTO/RCITER)[2],initiatedinearly1998,raisesthequestionwhetherornottheresultsachievedsofararestillrelevantforapotentiallylessambitiousdesignandlesschallengingoperatingconditions.
ThispapergivesanoverviewofthemajorR&Dresultsobtainedtillmid-1999,andreflectsabouttheirapplicabilityandrelevanceforRTO/RCITERoptionspresentlyunderconsideration.
2.R&Doverview
TheEUHThasconcentrateditseffortsonthethreemajorcomponentsoftheblanketsystem,i.e.theshieldmodule,thesupportingstructure,andtheinterfacingattachmentsystem.Foreachcomponent,anumberofR&Dsubjectswerefollowedwhichreflectintheirsequencetheprogressofdevelopment.TheR&Dprogrammeincluded,materialsandneutronicsR&D,fabricationdevelopment,mock-upmanufactureandperformancetesting,andprototypemanufacture.Dependingonthestatusoftherespectivedesignactivities,andthespecificcomponentrequirements,notallsubjectshavebeencoveredforallcomponents,andnotallcomponentshaveachievedtheprototypestage.Thisisofparticularimportanceforcomponentssuchasthesupportingstructure,thesizeofwhichwillsignificantlychangewiththeRTO/RCITERfeatures.
Duringthis7-yearR&Dprogramme,theEUhasplacedapproximately280individualcontractswithassociatedlaboratories,universities,andindustries.MostoftheresourceswerespentonR&Dfortheshieldmodule,oneofthemostinnovativecomponentsofITER.
3.Majorachievements
3.1.Shieldmodules
3.1.1.Description
ITERasdocumentedin[1],has740shieldmodules.Theyconsistofaprimaryfirstwall(PFW),whichisintegratedwiththeshieldblock,andcooledbywater,asshowninFig.1.
Fig.1.
Primarywallmoduleprototype.
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Theshieldblockismadeof316LNausteniticstainlesssteel(SS);thePFWisacompositestructure,madeupofaSSbase,alayerofcopperalloyactingasaheatsink,andaberylliumprotectionlayertocopewiththeplasma/wallinteraction.
Theeightpenetrationholesrequiredforaccessingtheattachmentcomponentsattherearsideoftheshieldmodules(seeSection3.3),andtherecessesfortheiraccommodationhaveledtoacomplexcoolingflowroutinginsidethemodule.Becauseofthiscomplexity,andtheexternalprofileofthemodule,R&Dhasdemonstratedapreferenceforpowderhotisostaticpressing(HIPing).Itsflexibilitywithrespecttoothermanufacturingtechniquesresultsinlowercosts.TheR&DprogrammeforjoiningtheFWtotheshieldhasshownapreferenceforsolidHIPingduetothemoreconsistentdimensionalstability.
3.1.2.Materialsqualificationandcorrosion
Thereferencematerialsfortheshieldmodulesare316LN(IG)stainlesssteel,CuAl25(IG1)dispersionstrengthened(DS)copper,andberylliumS-65C,whereIGstandsfor‘ITERgrade’.Themajorissuesforthesematerialsandtheirjointsarethemechanicalpropertiesbothbeforeandafterirradiation.
Intheunirradiatedcondition,thetensilepropertiesofpowderHIPed316LNstainlesssteelat290°Careverysimilartowroughtmaterial.Afterirradiationto0.7dpaat290°C,theyieldandtheultimatetensilestrengthincreasesignificantlywithsomereductioninductility.TheeffectsofirradiationaregreaterontheHIPedthanonthewroughtmaterial.Lowcyclefatiguetestingofirradiatedmaterialshowsanaveragelifetimesimilartothewroughtsteel.ThefracturetoughnessoftheHIPedmaterialafterirradiationto0.7dpaat290°Ciswith350kJ/m2lessthanthatofwroughtsteelwith1270kJ/m2.Furtherirradiationtestingisunderwaytoadoseof2.5dpaatatemperatureof290°C.
ThereferencegradeofcopperalloyisadispersionstrengthenedLOXAl-25material,whichwasselectedmainlybecauseofitsabilitytowithstandhightemperaturecycleswithoutaffectingitsstrength.Thetensilepropertiesofthismaterialarewell-knownanditsfracturetoughnesshasbeenextensivelystudiedusingfour-pointbendandcompacttensionspecimensaspresentedinFig.2.
Fig.2.
Fracturetoughnessagainsttemperature.
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SEMandTEMstudieshaveshownthepresenceoflargealuminaparticlesaswellasregionsoflowaluminacontent.Furtherinvestigationsareunderwaytoelucidatethereasonsforthelowfracturetoughnessat300°C.
ThejointbetweenCuAl25andstainlesssteelhasalsobeenstudied.Tensiletests,performeduponbimetallicsamples,showfailurewellawayfromthejointatroomtemperature,butfailureatthejointathighertemperatures.Thefracturetoughnessofthejointhasbeenmeasured,againbytwodifferenttechniques.Thesamplesalwaysfailinthecopperalloyclosetothejointinterface.Thismaybeasaresultofthelineofprecipitatesproducedalongthejointduringthejoiningprocess.Theeffectofirradiationistofurtherlowerthefracturetoughnessofthejointandthecopperalloy.InFig.2,fracturetoughnessresultsarealsopresentedforCuCrZrforcomparison.Thisalloywillreceivemoreattentioninthefutureasitshowsagradualreductioninfracturetoughnesswithtemperaturebutalsoretainsareasonableleveloffracturetoughnessat300°C.WorkiscontinuingontheeffectofirradiationonthelowcyclefatigueandtensilepropertiesofCuAl25(IG1)andjoints.Creepfatigueisalsobeinginvestigatedforbothcopperalloys.
Stainlesssteel316LNIGhasdemonstratedaverygoodstresscorrosioncrackingbehaviourunderITERoperationconditions,forunirradiatedandirradiatedmaterialsuptoabout3dpa.PreliminaryresultsobtainedrecentlywithpowderHIPed316LNSSconfirmthisgoodcorrosionbehaviour.
3.1.3.Fabricationdevelopments
BasedontheresultsofthematerialR&Dprogramme,solidHIPingwasselectedforjoiningthePFWontotheshield,whilebothsolidandpowderHIPingwereconsideredbytheEUHTforthemanufactureoftheshield.Inordertoassessthemanufacturingfeasibility,andtoprepareaselectionbetweenthesetwotechniques,theEUHTproducedsmalldemonstratormock-upsofabout400×200×150mm.
ThesolidHIPdemonstratorachievedagoodjoiningqualityandexcellentmanufacturingtolerances,butrequiredalotofmachiningresultinginhighmanufacturingcosts.Thepowder-HIPeddemonstratorsgavegoodmaterialandjoiningqualityatlowercosts,butshowedtheneedforfurtherdevelopmentwithrespecttothedimensionalaccuracy.Therefore,anear-full-scaleshieldblock(1250×650×250mm)wasbuiltandfullycharacterised.
Thismock-upwasHIPedat1080–1090°Cfor4h.AfterHIPing,ultrasonictestingwasperformedtocheckthepositionofthecoolingchannels.Subsequently,destructiveexaminationwasperformedformaterialcharacterisationanddimensionalmeasurements.Thepitchbetweencoolingchannelsofthefirstrowwasfoundtobewithintherequiredtoleranceof±1mm.Thedepthsofthecoolingchannelswerewithinascatterbandof4–7mm,3mmofwhichare,however,associatedwithmanufacturingimperfectionsofthetubegallerybeforeHIPing.Thefirstwall(FW)surfaceshowedawavyshape.Theovalityofthetubeswaslessthan2%.Thematerialcharacterisationshowedthattensileproperties,impact,fracturetoughness,andlowcyclefatiguepropertiesofpowderHIPed316LNSSwerewellabovethe
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