新托福考试阅读讲义.docx
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新托福考试阅读讲义.docx
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新托福考试阅读讲义
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1.句子简化题
TheGreatRedSpot
OnedistinctivefeatureoftheplanetJupiteristheGreatRedSpot,amassiveovalofswirlingreddish-brownclouds.WereEarthtobejuxtaposedwiththeGreatRedSpot,ourplanetwouldbedwarfedincomparison,withadiameterlessthanhalfthatoftheGreatRedSpot.TheSpot’sclouds,mostlikelytintedredasaresultofthephosphorusthattheycontain,circulateinacounterclockwisedirection.TheouterwindsrequiresixEarthdaystocompletethecircumferenceoftheGreatRedSpot,alengthoftimeindicativeofvastnessoftheGreatRedSpot.
1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.ThedensityoftheGreatRedspotismuchhigherthanthattheEarth.
B.IfthediameteroftheGreatRedSpotweredoubled,itwouldequalthatoftheEarth.
C.ByplacingtheEarthnexttotheGreatRedSpot,onecouldseetheEarthhasamuchsmallerdiameter.
D.BecausetheEarthisclosetotheGreatRedSpot,Earthisinfluencedbyitshugesize.
答案:
C
2.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.TheEarth’souterwindsmoveadistanceequaltothecircumferenceoftheGreatRedSpot.
B.TheouterwindsoftheGreatRedSpotmovemorequicklythandothoseonEarth.
C.TheWindsmovingacrosstheGreatRedSpotfinallychangedirectioneverysixEarthdays.
D.ThefactthatthewindstakesolongtomovearoundtheGreatRedSpotproveshowbigitis.
答案:
D
PassageOne(Question1-2)
Camouflage
CamouflageisoneofthemosteffectivewaysforanimalstoavoidattackinthetreelessArctic.However,thesummerandwinterlandscapestherearesodiversethatasingleprotectivecoloringschemewould,ofcourse,proveineffectiveinoneseasonortheother.Thus,manyoftheinhabitantsoftheArctictundrachangetheircamouflagetwiceayear.Thearcticfoxisaclear-cutexampleofthisphenomenon;itsportsabrownish-graycoatinthesummerwhichthenturnswhiteascoldweathersetsin,andtheprocessreversesitselfinthespringtime.Itsbrownish-graycoatblendsinwiththebarrentundralandscapeinthemonthswithoutsnow,andthewhitecoatnaturallyblendsinwiththelandscapeofthefrozenwintertimetundra.
1.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthefirsthighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.OppositeconditionsinsummerandinwinternecessitatedifferentprotectivecolorationforArcticanimals.
B.ThecolorationofthesummerandwinterlandscapesintheArcticfailstoprotecttheArctictundra.
C.Inasingleseason,protectivecoloringschemeareineffectiveinthetreelessArctic.
D.Formanyanimals,asingleprotectivecoloringschemeeffectivelyprotectsthemduringsummerandwintermonths.
答案:
A
2.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthesecondhighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Thearcticfoxisunusualinthathecolorofitscoatchangesfornoreason.
B.Thearcticfoxlivesinanenvironmentthatisbrownishgrayinthesummerandwhiteinthewinter.
C.ItisaphenomenonthatthecoatofthearcticfoxturnswhiteIthespringtimeandgrayinthefall.
D.Thearcticfoxdemonstratesthatprotectivecolorationcanchangeduringdifferentseasons.
答案:
D
PassageTwo(Question3-6)
Post-itNotes
Post-itNoteswereinventedinthe1970satthe3McompanyinMinnesotaquitebyaccident,Researchersat3Mwereworkingondevelopingdifferenttypesofadhesives,andoneparticularlyweakadhesive,acompoundofacrylatecopolymermicrospheres,wasdeveloped.Employeesat3Mwereaskediftheycouldthinkofauseforaweakadhesivewhich,provideditdidnotgetdirty,couldbereused.Onesuggestionwasthatitcouldbeappliedtoapieceofpapertouseasabookmarkthatwouldstayinplaceinabook.Anotherusewasfoundwhentheproductwasattachedtoareportthatwastobesenttoacolleaguewitharequestforcommentsonthereport;thecolleaguemadehiscommentsonthepaperattachedtothereportandreturnedthereport.TheideaforPost-itNoteswasborn.
Itwasdecidedwithinthecompanythattherewouldbeatestlaunchofproductin1977infourAmericancities.Salesofthisinnovativeproductintestcitieswerelessthanstellar,mostlikelybecausetheproduct,whileinnovative,wasalsoquiteunfamiliar.AfinalattemptwasthenmadeinthecityofBoisetointroducetheproduct.Inthatattempt,3MsalesmengavedemonstrationsoftheproductinofficesthroughoutBoiseandgaveawayfreesamplesoftheproduce.Whenthesalesmenreturnedaweeklatertotheofficeworkers,havingnotedhowusefulthesimplelittleproductcouldbe,wereinterestedinpurchasingit.Overtime,3Mcametounderstandthehugepotentialofthisnewproduct,andoverthenextfewdecadesmorethan400varietiesofPost-itproducts-indifferentcolors,shapes,andsizes–havebeendeveloped.
3.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthefirsthighlightedsentenceinthepassage1?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Ofthemanyadhesivesthatwerebeingdevelopedat3M,onewasnotaparticularlystrongadhesive.
B.Researchersat3Mspentmanyyearstryingtodevelopareallyweakadhesive.
C.Numerousweakadhesivesresultedfromaprogramtodevelopthestrongestadhesiveofall.
D.Researcherswereassignedtodevelopdifferenttypesofusesforacrylatecopolymermicrospheres.
答案:
A
4.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthesecondhighlightedsentenceinthepassage1?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.The3Mcompanysuggestedapplyingforapatentontheproductinareportpreparedbyacolleague.
B.Oneunexpectedly-discoveredusefortheadhesivewasinsendingandreceivingnotesattachedtodocuments.
C.Anotewasattachedtoareportaskingforsuggestionforusesofoneof3M’sproducts.
D.Acolleaguewhodevelopedthenewproductkeptnoteswithsuggestionsbyotherworkers.
答案:
B
5.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthefirsthighlightedsentenceinthepassage2?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.The3Mcompanywasunfamiliarwiththeprocessofusingtestcitiestointroduceinnovativeproducts.
B.Salesoftheproductsoaredeventhoughtheproductwasquiteunfamiliartomostcustomers.
C.Thenewproductdidnotsellwellbecausepotentialcustomersdidnotunderstandit.
D.Aftersellingtheproductforawhile,thecompanyunderstoodthattheproductwasnotinnovativeenough.
答案:
C
6.Whichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthesecondhighlightedsentenceinthepassage2?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Thecompanyimmediatelyunderstoodthepotentialoftheproductandbegantodevelopitfurther.
B.Thecompanyworkedovertimetodevelopitsnewproduct,initiallycreatingnumerousvarietiestomakeitsuccessful.
C.Thecompanyinitiallyintroduced400varietiesoftheproductandthenwatchedfordecadesassalesimproved.
D.Ittooksometimeforthecompanytounderstandhowimportantitsnewproductwasandhowmanyvariationwerepossible.
答案:
D
2.排除列举题
ThegeologyoftheEarth'ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.
PresentonEarthinsolid,liquid,andgaseousstates,waterisexceptionallyreactive.It
dissolves,transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalcompoundsandisconstantly
LinemodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.
(5)Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhicharetransported
bywindoverthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidestheessentialagentof
continentalerosion:
rain.Precipitatedontotheground,thewatertricklesdowntoform
brooks,streams,andrivers,constitutingwhatarecalledthehydrographicnetwork.This
immensepolarizednetworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglerecepatcle:
anocean.
(10)Gravitydominatesthisentirestepinthecyclebecausewatertendstominimizeits
potentialenergybyrunningfromhighaltitudestowardthereferencepoint,thatis,sea
level.
Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthroughthecycleisnotrandombutisa
measureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeasthe
(15)averagetimeforawatermoleculetopassthroughtoneofthethreereservoirs—
atmosphere,continent,andocean—weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awater
moleculestays,onaverage,elevendaysintheatmosphere,onehundredyearsona
continentandfortythousandyearsintheocean.Thislastfigureshowstheimportanceof
theoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebutalsotherapidityofwater
(20)transportonthecontinents.
Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplacesduringtheflowofwateroverthe
continents.Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,andsomemagnesiumare
dissolvedandtransported.Insolubleionssuchasaluminum,iron,andsiliconstaywhere
theyareandformthethin,fertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow.Sometimes
(25)soilsaredestroyedandtranspo
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