全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext:
Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA:
B:
CorDonANSWERSHEET1:
(10points)
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare:
(1)thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer'spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday:
Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly
(2)toliveshorterlives:
Thissuggeststhat(3)bulbsburnlonger:
thatthereisan(4)innotbeingtooterrificallybright.
Intelligence:
it(5)out:
isahigh-pricedoption:
Ittakesmoreupkeep:
burnsmorefuelandisslow(6)thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual(7)—insteadofinstinct:
Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn:
andoneofthethingsthey'veapparentlylearnediswhento(8).
Isthereanadaptivevalueto(9)intelligence?
That'sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch:
Ilikeit:
Insteadofcastingawistfulglance(10)atallthespecieswe'veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise:
itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal(11)ofourownintelligencemightbe:
Thisis(12)themindofeveryanimalI'veevermet.
Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould(13)onhumansiftheyhadthechance:
Everycatwithanowner:
(14):
isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning:
webelievethat(15)animalsranthelabs:
theywouldtestusto(16)thelimitsofourpatience:
ourfaithfulness:
ourmemoryforterrain:
Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally(17):
notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis:
(18):
theywouldhopetostudya(19)question:
Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
(20)theresultsareinconclusive.
1、A:
SupposeB:
ConsiderC:
ObserveD:
Imagine
2、A:
tendedB:
fearedC:
happenedD:
threatened
3、A:
thinnerB:
stablerC:
lighterD:
dimmer
4、A:
tendencyB:
advantageC:
inclinationD:
priority
5、A:
insistsonB:
sumsupC:
turnsoutD:
putsforward
6、A:
offB:
behindC:
overD:
along
7、A:
incredibleB:
spontaneousC:
inevitableD:
gradual
8、A:
fightB:
doubtC:
stopD:
think
9、A:
invisibleB:
limitedC:
indefiniteD:
different
10、A:
upwardB:
forwardC:
afterwardD:
backward
11、A:
featuresB:
influencesC:
resultsD:
costs
12、A:
outsideB:
onC:
byD:
across
13、A:
deliverB:
carryC:
performD:
apply
14、A:
bychanceB:
incontrastC:
asusualD:
forinstance
15、A:
ifB:
unlessC:
asD:
lest
16、A:
moderateB:
overcomeC:
determineD:
reach
17、A:
atB:
forC:
afterD:
with
18、A:
AboveallB:
AfterallC:
HoweverD:
Otherwise
19、A:
fundamentalB:
comprehensiveC:
equivalentD:
hostile
20、A:
ByaccidentB:
IntimeC:
SofarD:
Betterstill
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts:
AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA:
B:
CorD:
MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1:
(40points)
Text1
Habitsareafunnything:
Wereachforthemmindlessly:
settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine:
"Notchoice:
buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,"WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury:
Intheever-changing21stcentury:
eventheword"habit"carriesanegativeimplication.
Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation:
Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits:
wecreateparallelpaths:
andevenentirelynewbraincells:
thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew:
innovativetracks.
Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit:
wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits:
Infact:
themorenewthingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherentlycreativewebecome:
bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.
Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus:
they'retheretostay:
Instead:
thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.
"Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,"saysDawnaMarkova:
authorof"TheOpenMind"andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners:
"Butwearetaughtinsteadto'decide,'justasourpresidentcallshimself'theDecider.' "Sheadds:
however:
that"todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone:
Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities."
Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware:
shesays:
Researchersinthelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:
analytically:
procedurally:
relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively:
Attheendofadolescence:
however:
thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity:
preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.
Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure:
meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought:
"ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,"explainsM:
J:
Ryan:
authorofthe2006bookThisYearIWill..:
andMs:
Markova'sbusinesspartner:
"That'saliethatwehaveperpetuated:
anditfosterscommonness:
Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence."Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.
21、TheWordsworth’sview:
“habits”isclaimedbybeing________.
A:
casualB:
familiarC:
mechanicalD:
changeable
22、Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitscanbe________
A:
predictedB:
regulatedC:
tracedD:
guided
23、Theword"ruts"(Line1:
Paragraph4)isclosestmeaningto________
A:
tracksB:
seriesC:
characteristicsD:
connections
24、DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat________.
A:
ideasarebornofarelaxingmind
B:
innovativenesscouldbetaught
C:
decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas
D:
curiosityactivatescreativeminds
25、Ryan'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedtesting________
A:
preventsnewhabitsformbeingformed
B:
nolongeremphasizescommonness
C:
maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel
D:
complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem
Text2
Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild:
buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe'sthekid'sdad:
Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.
Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears:
accordingtoDougFog:
chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene:
whichmakestheover-the-counterkits:
MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic:
ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2,500.
Amongthemostpopular:
paternityandkinshiptesting:
whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption:
DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists—andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily'sgeographicroots.
Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting:
AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.
Butsomeobserversareskeptical:
"Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,"saysTreyDuster:
aNewYorkUniversitysociologist:
Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback:
Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage:
eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather'slineormitochondrialDNA:
whichispasseddownonlyfrommothers:
ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors:
eventhough:
forexample:
justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor:
fourgenerationsback:
14othergreat-great-grandparents.
Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared:
Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon'trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects:
ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemayhavealotofdatafromsomeregionsandnotothers:
soaperson’stestresultsmaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults:
Inaddition:
thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.
26、Inparagraphs1and2:
thetextshowsPTK's___________.
A:
easyavailability
B:
flexibilityinpricing
C:
successfulpromotion
D:
popularitywithhouseholds
27、PTKisusedto__________.
A:
locateone'sbirthplace
B:
promotegeneticresearch
C:
identifyparent-childkinship
D:
choosechildrenforadoption
28、Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.
A:
tracedistantancestors
B:
rebuildreliablebloodlines
C:
fullyusegeneticinformation
D:
achievetheclaimedaccuracy
29、Inthelastparagraph:
aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis__________.
A:
disorganizeddatacollection
B:
overlappingdatabasebuilding
C:
excessivesamplecomparison
D:
lackofpatentevaluation
30、Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe__________.
A:
ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting
B:
DNATestingandIt'sProblems
C:
DNATestingOutsidetheLab
D:
LiesBehindDNATesting
Text3
Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike:
Progressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial:
politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however:
theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbe
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