social culture社会文化.docx
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social culture社会文化.docx
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socialculture社会文化
Theweatherisrainy,changeableandunpredictable.IthasbeensaidthattheuncertaintyabouttheweatherhashadadefiniteeffectupontheEnglishman’scharacter.Ittendstomakehimcautious
Factorsinfluencingtheclimate:
northerlylatitude,closeproximitytotheAtlanticOcean,Gulfstream,westerlywinds.
InAD43theRomanconquestofBritainbegan;theRomansmaintainedcontroloftheirprovinceofBritanniathroughtothe5thcentury.Contribution:
broughtcivilizationtoBritain(roads,buildings,lifestyle,socialsystem,Christianity)Influence:
TheybroughtintheRomancivilizationTheybuiltbaths,temples,amphitheatresandvillas,finebuildingsTheyintroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentandbuiltanetworkoftowns.Theybroughtskillsofreadingandwriting.TheBritonsbecamemoreliteratethanbefore.thenamesofsomeplacesleft:
-ster,shire,cester.Theybroughtnewreligion,Christianity.ThenameofthemonthTheRomandepartureopenedthedoorfortheAnglo-Saxoninvasion,whichisoftenregardedastheoriginofEnglandandtheEnglishpeople.TheAnglo-Saxonsestablishedseveralkingdoms.AlfredtheGreat,kingofWessex,unifiedthesevenkingdomsandbecametheEnglishking.TheyintroducedtheOldEnglishlanguage:
fourmajordialects.Heptarchyperiod(5th-6thcentury):
sevenkingdomsofNorthumbria,Mercia,Kent,EastAnglia,Essex,SussexandWessex.RaidsbytheVikingswerefrequentafteraboutAD800,andtheNorsementookcontroloflargepartsofwhatisnowEngland.in878,KingAlfredtheGreatdefeatedtheDanesatEdington.(somekingdomswerelefttotheDanes.Danelaw)TherewererenewedScandinavianattacksonEnglandattheendofthe10thcentury.TheyruledoverthewholeEnglandfrom1017to1042.DanishandNorwegiansettlementmadeenoughofanimpacttoleavesignificanttracesintheEnglishlanguage;manyfundamentalwordsinmodernEnglisharederivedfromOldNorse.Similarly,manyplace-namesinareasofDanishandNorwegiansettlementhaveScandinavianroots.
In1066,theNormansledbyWilliamconqueredEngland(battleofHastings).WilliamtheConquerorinfluences:
Frenchcivilizationandlanguage(thedual-linguisticcircumstance);feudalismIn1066,theNormansledbyWilliamconqueredEngland(battleofHastings).WilliamtheConqueror
influences:
Frenchcivilizationandlanguage(thedual-linguisticcircumstance);feudalism
Shatteredtheclansystemandusheredinthefeudalsystem;privateownership;clearly-demarcatedsocialranks:
theking,earl,freeman,serviledependents
MagnaCarta(Greatcharter)1.BackgroundThebarons,discontentedwithKingJohn’styrannyandmisgovernemnt,forcedtheKingtosigntheagreementtolimithispower.2.thecontent3.theimportanceoftheGreatChartera.thefirststepofconstitutionalexperimentandruleoflawb.topavethewayforthenew-bornbourgeoisietogetpoliticalpower.c.tolaydownthebasicrulesfortheEnglishandAmericanlegalsystem.
Victoria(1819–1901)wastheQueenregnantoftheUKfrom1837untilherdeath.HerreignisknownastheVictorianera,andwasaperiodofindustrial,cultural,political,scientific,andmilitaryprogresswithintheUnitedKingdom.QueenVictoriabecametheiconicsymbolofthenationandempire.Shehadstrictstandardsofpersonalmorality.HerreignwasmarkedbyagreatexpansionoftheBritishEmpire,whichreacheditszenithandbecametheforemostglobalpower.ShewasthelastBritishmonarchoftheHouseofHanover;hersonKingEdwardVIIbelongedtotheHouseofSaxe-CoburgandGotha.
Socialandpoliticalchange
TheAnglo-Irishtreatyof1921establishedtheIrishFreeState(nowtheRepublicofIreland)asaseparatestate,leavingNorthernIrelandaspartoftheUnitedKingdom.TheofficialnameoftheUKthusbecame"TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland".NationalHealthServicewasestablishedduringGeorgeVI’sreign(1936-1952).England,aspartoftheUK,joinedtheEuropeanEconomicCommunityin1973,whichbecametheEuropeanUnionin1993.
第七章外交政策
UK’sattitudetowardEU
1.Atthebeginning,skepticalattitudetoEuropeanintegration.2.AftertheEurowasimplemented,BritainfavoredthesinglemarketideabutwasskepticalaboutEuro.3.theBritishpublicgenerallyholdnegativeattitudetowardasingleEuropeancurrency,despitethatthenumberofpeoplewhosupportedtheEUincreased.
Anglo-AmericanRelations
UKistheclosestmilitaryandpoliticalallyofthetheU.S.Haveasharedculturalheritage.Foreigntradehasbeenimportanttobothcountries
RelationswithChina
Atpresent,thereisdynamicexchangeandcooperationatalllevelsinthefieldsofpolitics,trade,economy,culture,andthemilitary.Importanttradepartners;Bothareofgreatinternationalimportance.History:
RecognizedthePRCin1950;foreignrelationswasstartedin1972,andthencameexchangedvisitsofleaders;BilateralrelationssufferedsetbackduringjohnMajor’sterminearly1990s.(attackonchina’shumanrights)AnewstarttocomprehensiveSino-Britishrelationsinlate1990sduringTonyBlairterm.
TheUKrelationswithotherNationsandInternationalOrganizations
TheUKrelationwithAsia:
ASEMFoundingmemberoftheUNandoneofthefivepermanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncil.GoodrelationshipswiththeCommonwealthcountries.MembershipofNATOiscentraltoUKdefensepolicy.AsamemberofGroupofEight(G8)AfoundingmemberoftheCouncilofEurope.
The CouncilofEurope isan internationalorganisation promotingco-operationbetweenallcountriesof Europe intheareasoflegalstandards, humanrights, democratic development,the ruleoflawandculturalco-operation.Itwasfoundedin1949,has47memberstates,andisanentirelyseparatebodyfromthe EuropeanUnion (EU),whichhas28memberstates.
PolicyonCrimeandTerrorism
Combatillegaldrugs;Counteringinternationalterrorism.
第八章环境与旅游
Environment
Deciduousforest:
oak,lime,elm,ash,beechMoorlandsandheathlandsoccupyaroundaquarterofthelandareaoftheUK.Fauna动物区系;动物群:
carnivores,herbivores,amphibian,reptile环境Sustainabledevelopment
Theaim:
“ensuringabetterqualityoflifeforeveryone,nowandforthegenerationstocome”.Fourkeyobjectives:
Socialprogressthatrecognizestheneedsofeveryone;Effectiveprotectionoftheenvironment;PrudentuseofnaturalresourcesMaintenanceofhighandstablelevelofeconomicgrowthandemployment.Tourism
Occupies4%ofGDPJobcreatorandregeneratorOverseaTourists:
USA,France,Germany,IrishRepbulic,Netherlands.LeisuretravelwasaBritishinvention.ThomasCook:
fatherofmodernmasstourism
第十一章宗教
ChurchofEngland
TheChurchofEngland,alsoreferredtoasthe“AnglicanChurch”(圣公会),isthenationalchurchinEngland,withmonarchasitshead.TheEpiscopalhierarchicalstructureofthechurch(fromhightolow):
ⅠProvinces(2:
Canterbury/York):
archbishopsincharge;ⅡDioceses(44):
bishopsinchargeⅢParishes(13,000):
priest(vicarorrector)inchargeMembershipofthechurchisacquiredviabaptism.
ChurchofScotland
TheChurchofScotland,knowninformallybyitsScotslanguagename,TheKirk,istheofficialchurchinScotland,followingtheteachingsofCalvinandPresbyterianProtestantism.*PresbyterianismisthereligionofanumberofdifferentChristianchurchesadheringtotheCalvinisttheologicaltraditionwithinProtestantism,andorganizedaccordingtoacharacteristicPresbyterianpolity.PresbyteriantheologytypicallyemphasizesthesovereigntyofGod,theauthorityoftheScriptures,andthenecessityofgracethroughfaithinChrist.*Calvinism(alsocalledtheReformedtradition,theReformedfaith,orReformedtheology)referstothedoctrinesandpracticesoftheReformedchurchesofwhichCalvinwasanearlyleader.Thesystemisbestknownforitsdoctrinesofpredestinationandtotaldepravity,stressingtheabsolutesovereigntyofGod.
第十二章媒体
BritainhasbeenadvancedinpressandJournalism.Threemajornewsagencies:
Reuters,Pressassociation,ExtelfinancialDivisionofmedia
Newspapers:
history
Fromasearlyasthe17thcentury,thereweremanykindsofpublicationsexistinginEnglandthattoldbothnewsandrumours.Amongthesewerepamphlets,posters,andnewsperiodicals.ThefirstnewspaperinEnglishlanguagewasprintedinAmsterdambyaround1620.In1785,theDailyUniversalRegister(latertheTimes,from1788)waspublishedinEngland.In1821,theManchesterGuardian(theGuardian)wasfoundedinManchester.In1855,aspecializedperiodicalandthefirstcheapnewspapertheDailyTelegraphandCourier(DailyTelegraph)wasfounded.Reuters,foundedin1851,istheoldestnewsagencyinLondonandnowknownasafinancialmarketdataproviderandaworld-widenewsservicer.FleetStreetinLondonistraditionallythe“homeofBritishpress”andcontinuestobeusedasametonymfortheBritishnationalpress.Typesofnewspapers
1.accordingtosize:
broadsheets/tabloid(traditionally)2.accordingtoareadistributed:
national/local;TheScotsman,GlasgowHeraldandYorkshirePostarethreemajorprovincialdailynewspapers.3.accordingtotimedistributed:
dailyandSunday,weekly,periodical4.accordingtocontent:
quality/popular
QualityPressandPopularPress
Thetwotypesofpapersaredifferentincost,size,content,styleandpurpose:
Thequalitypapersareserious,aimtokeepthereadersup-to-datewiththelatestnewsbothnationalandinternational,suchasQualitypapers--TheTimes,Telegraph,Independent,Guardian,SundayTelegraph,ObserverThepopularpapersarelessserious,andtrytoattractmorereaderswitheye-catchingpicturesandsensationalstories.Popularpapers--Mirror,Express,Mail,Star,Sun,NewsoftheWorld,SundayMirror,SundayExpress,MailonSunday,S
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