句子结构及成分.docx
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句子结构及成分.docx
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句子结构及成分
句子结构及成分
一.句子成分
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
英语的基本成分有七种:
除主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语(complement)之外还有表语(predicative)(同位语)。
许国璋英语中划句子成分的符号
主语在下面划一直线
谓语在下面划曲线
宾语在下面划双横线
定语在下面划虚线(一行点使我们想到一排钉子,钉谐音为“定语”的“定”)
状语下面为短横线(短横线使我们想到短木桩,木桩撞(状)钟)
补语上一短横,下一短横(下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙)
同位语上下双曲线,(虽都有曲折,上下位置基本相同)
1.主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。
可由1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词(如therich)5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。
Thesunrisesintheeast.(名词)
Helikesdancing.(代词)
Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)
Seeingisbelieving.(动名词)
Toseeistobelieve.(不定式)
Whatheneedsisabook.(主语从句)
Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)
练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线,并说出由什么充当
1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.
2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.
3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.
4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.
5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.
6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.
7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.
8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.
9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue
答案:
1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)
2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)
3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)
4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)
5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)
6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)
7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)
8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue.(主语从句,that不能省略)
练习2.改错
1)Doexerciseeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.
2)Thatwhathesaidisn’ttrue.
3)Hecamelatemadehisteacherangry.
4)Onthedeskistwobooks.
答案:
1)do改为doing,用动名词作主语。
2)去掉that,what本身都有连接作用。
3)在he前加That,主语从句中that不能省。
也可改为Hiscominglate,用动名词的复合结构作主语。
4)is改为are,介词短语不能作主语,本句是倒装句。
2.谓语:
谓语由动词充当,说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。
谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:
由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如:
Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.
2、复合谓语:
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。
如:
Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.
Hehascaughtabadcold.
Mysisteriscryingoverthere.
Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.
Iwouldstayathomeallday.
(2)由系动词加表语构成。
系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语。
如:
Wearestudents.
Yourideasoundsgreat.
考点1.在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数
当主语是复数时(不止一个人),后面用动词原形。
当主语是一个人,并且不是I和you,谓语要用第三人称单数,也就是在后面加-s,-es
1.We/You(你们)/They____(go)toschooleveryday.
2.TomandMike____(go)toschooleveryday.
3.Hischildren____(go)toschooleveryday.
4.Tom____(go)toschooleveryday.
5.Mybrother____(go)toschooleveryday.
6.Yoursister____(go)toschooleveryday.
7.Theirson____(go)toschooleveryday.
8.He/She____(go)toschooleveryday.
答案:
1-3,go4-8,goes
考点2.谓语中要有动词,因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。
如:
Ourschoolverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.×
Ourschoolisverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.√
ThefooddeliciousandIatealot.×ThefoodwasdeliciousandIatealot.√
考点3.在复合谓语中,情态动词和助动词,如:
will,shall,would,should,can,maymust,could,might,还有hadto,hadbetter,usedto,wouldrather等,都没有人称和数的变化,后面用动词原形。
Shemightstayedathome.×Shemightstayathome.√
Hemustcomes.×Hemustcome.√
考点4.进行时是be+doing,不要把be遗忘了
Itrainingheavily.×Itwasrainingheavily.√
Theyplantingtreesonthefarm.×Theywereplantingtreesonthefarm.√
3.表语:
表语多是形容词,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
Heisateacher.(名词)
Seventy-four!
Youdon’tlookit.(代词)
Fiveandfiveisten.(数词)
Heisasleep.(形容词)
Hisfatherisin.(副词)
Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)
Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.(形容词化的分词)
Towearafloweristosay“I’mpoor,Ican’tbuyaring.(不定式)
Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.(表语从句)
常见的系动词有:
be,sound(听起来),look(看起来),feel(摸起来,smell(闻起来),taste(尝、吃起来),remain(保持,仍是),feel(感觉)...
Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.
Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.
Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.
Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.
划出下列句中的表语,并说明有什么充当。
1)OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.
2)Isityours?
3)Theweatherhasturnedcold.
4)Thespeechisexciting.
5)Threetimessevenistwentyone?
6)HisjobistoteachEnglish.
7)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.
8)Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.
9)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.
答案:
1)OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)
2)Isityours?
(代词)
3)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)
4)Thespeechisexciting.(分词)
5)Threetimessevenistwentyone?
(数词)
6)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)
7)Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)
8)Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.(介词短语)
9)Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)
4.宾语:
宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构,
IlikeChina.(名词)
Hehatesyou.(代词)
Howmanydoyouneed?
Weneedtwo.(数词)
Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.
Ienjoyworkingwithyou.(动名词)
Ihopetoseeyouagain.(不定式)
Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?
(宾语从句)
2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Areyouafraidofthesnake?
Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.
3)双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)
Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.
划出下列句中的宾语,并说明有什么充当。
1)Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.
2)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.
3)(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?
)Ihavefive.
4)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.
5)Iwantedtobuyacar.
6)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.
7)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.
答案:
1)Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.(名词)
2)Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)
3)(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?
)Ihavefive.(数词)
4)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)
5)Iwantedtobuyacar.(不定式短语)
6)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)
7)Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)
5.宾语补足语:
英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。
宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
换句话说,在意思上,宾语相当于宾补的主语。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:
某些及物动词(如make等)+宾语+宾补。
宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
Weelectedhimmonitor.(名词)
Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.(名)
Wewillmakethemhappy.(形容词)
Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)
Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(介词短语)
Don’tlethimdothat.(省to不定式)
Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(带to不定式)
Don’tkeepthelightsburning.(现在分词)
I’llhavemybikerepaired.(过去分词)
用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语,并指出是什么词充当,同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。
1)HisfathernamedhimDongming.
2)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.
3)Letthefreshairin.
4)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.
5)Wesawherenteringtheroom.
6)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.
7)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.
8)Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.
答案:
1)HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)
2)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)
3)Letthefreshairin.(副词)
4)Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)
5)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)
6)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)
7)Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)
8)Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.(过去分词短语)
6.主补:
对主语的补充。
(含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动宾语作主语时,原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。
Hewaselectedmonitor.
Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.
Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.
7.定语:
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
AiYanlingisachemistryteacher.(名词)
Heisourfriend.(代词)
Webelongtothethirdworld.(数词)
Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(形容词)
Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)
Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)
TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.(现在分词)
Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.(过去分词)
Ihaveanideatodoitwell.(不定式)
YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.(定语从句)
考点1.若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:
something、nothing),定语通常置后。
Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.(important修饰something,却放在后面)
Thereisnothinginterestinginthebook.(interesting修饰nothing)
考点2.副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那儿的人们)
Hewentuptoapolicemandownstairs.(楼下的警察)
考点3.单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前,形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后
Thenextmanisascientist.
Themannexttomeisascientist.(我旁边的那个人)
Theshopclosesttomyhouseisaboutonekilometeraway.(距我家最近的那个商店)
考点4.介词短语作定语时要后置
TheboyunderthetreeisTom.(树下的那个男孩)
ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.(我们班最高的那个男孩)
考点5.名词作定语一般用单数,但当woman,man作定语且后面名词为复数时,womanman也要用复数
boystudents,appletrees,mendoctors,womennurses
考点6.动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置
(参看P104非谓语作定语部分)
Ihavesomethingtosay.(直译:
我有要说的话)
Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.(在那边哭的那个男孩)
Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.(去年建的那座房子)
考点7.动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别(参看P106非谓语部分)
Thisisaswimmingpool.(动名词作定语,表功能)
Thesleepingboyisonlyfive.(现在分词作定语,表正在进行)
考点8.Else,别的,其它的,通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语
Whoelsedoyouknow?
Somebodyelsemighthavetakenitaway.
Youcanseethesesignsinahospital.___canyouseethem?
A.WhereelseB.Whereplaceelse
C.WhereelseplaceD.Elsewhere
考点9.enough修饰名词可前置或后置,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。
Nearby可作形容词、副词,因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置
1)Ihaven’tgotenoughmoney.Ican’taffordit.(形容词作定语)
2)Wehavetimeenoughtodothework.(形容词短语作定语)
3)Youcan’tbecarefulenough.(副词作状语)
3)Ifyouareintrouble,askapolicemannearbyforhelp.(副词作定语)
=Ifyouareintrouble,askanearbypolicemanforhelp.(形容词作定语)
用划出下列句中的定语,并指出是什么词性或结构充当的
1.Tomisahandsomeboy.
2.HisboyneedsTom'spen.
3.TheboyinblueisTom.
4.Theboyneedsaballpen.
5.Theboythereneedsapen.
6.Theboytowritethisletterneed
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