文体学资料.docx
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文体学资料.docx
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文体学资料
IdentifythepreverbalSandXelementsinthefollowingtextWhateffectsdotheycreate?
Text7
S(Strether’sfirstquestion,)X(whenhereachedthehotel,)V(was)X(abouthisfriend;)X(yetonhislearningthatWaymarshwasapparentlynottoarrivetillevening)S(he)V(wasnotwhollydisconcerted.)2S(Atelegramfromhimbespeakingaroom‘onlyifnotnoisy,replypaid,)V(wasproduced)X(fortheinquirerattheoffice,)sothatS(theunderstandingtheyshouldmeetatChesterratherthanatLivepool)V(remained)X(tothatextentsound.)3S(Thesamesecretprinciple,however,thathadpromptedStrethernotabsolutelytodesireWaymarsh’spresenceatthedock,thathadledhimthustopostponeforafewhourshisenjoymentofit,)X(now)V(operated)Xtomakehimfeelhecouldstillwaitwithoutdisappointment.)4S(They)V(woulddine)X(togetherattheworst,)andX(withallrespecttodearoldWaymarsh–ifnotevenforthatmatter,tohimself-)S(there)V(was)X(littlefearthatinthesequeltheyshouldn’tseeenoughofeachother.)S(TheprincipleIhavejustmentionedasoperating)V(hadbeen,)X(withthemostnewlydisembarkedofthetwomen,whollyinstinctive-thefruitofasharpsensethat,delightfulasitwouldbetofindhimselflooking,aftersomuchseparation,intohiscomrade’sface,hisbusinesswouldbeatriflebungledshouldhesimplyarrangeforthiscountenancetopresentitselftothenearingsteamerasthefirst‘note’ofEurope.)X(Mixedwitheverything)V(was)S(theapprehension,already,onStrether’spart,thathewould,atbest,throughout,provethenoteofEuropeinquiteasufficientdegree.)
(Themainsyntacticfeatureofthistextisasuccessionofveryheavypreverbalelements.Thisisamarkedcharacteristic,asthepreverbalelementsinEnglishareusuallylight.Itgivesthetextitsdense,difficult-to-followquality.Thisisbecauseournormalprocessingexpectationsareconstantlyupsetbythedelayingofthemainverbbeforethemainone.ThefrequentheavymodificationofSelementsandtheconstantinterpolationofXelementshelpstogivetheimpressionofapunctilious,evenratherpedantic,centralcharacter,whoisperhapsmadeacutelyself-awarebybeinginaforeigncountry.
Theothereffectofthedelayingofthemainverbistoechothedelightsofpostponementsodweltuponinthepassage.Strethersavoursandwantstoextendthetimebeforehehastomeethisoldfriend,andexpressesthisapparentparadoxbymeansofnegativisationaswellaspreverbalmodification.Noticethenumberandpositionofnegativesinthetext.Notonlyisthewordnotrepeated,buttherearealsowordsandphrasessuchasnotwhollydisconcerted,withoutdisappointment,attheworst,atriflebungled,apprehension,whichwhilstactingaspositiveincontext,areconstitutedofnegativeelements.ThesetwosyntactictechniquesshowStrether’scontrarystateofmind-hebothwantstomeethisoldfriend,andalsotoputoffthemomentaslongaspossible.)
Synecdoche提喻
Webster’sNewWorldDictionary:
“afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforwhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathing,orthereverseofanyofthese.(Ex:
breadforfood,thearmyforasoldier,orcopperforapenny)”
1.涉及到局部代替全体时:
此局部往往是全体的要害之处
Hehassevenmouthstofeedinhisfamily.
2.涉及到以全体代替局部时:
总体的感觉大于或强于局部的感觉
Thesurgeoncutmeupandtookouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain.
Thebusconkedout.〔美口〕突然停止(车出毛病)
3.涉及到具体代替抽象或代替具体时:
着眼点在于表述的生动
Heisnowleftwithoutaroof.
Welivedunderthesameroof.
“Evenyoudon’tknowPavlov’sdog!
(巴甫洛夫条件反射学)
Allthewitandlearningoftheworldwereassembledthere.(有智慧有学问的人)
借代(Metonymy)三段式联想
思想的对象A……….B另一事物
\/
C
联想点
Bewareofthebottle.(Bewareofdrinking(wine)).Bottle–winecontainer–drinkingwine
Theredeyeswalkedintotheclassroom.theredeyes---amanwithredeyes----theman(whohastheredeyes)三段式跳跃
比较:
Hereyessparkledlikesmallbluecircleofice.(她的眼睛光闪闪的像小小的蓝色冰球)eyes----like二段式比喻
运用:
1.借名代实
作者名-作品
HaveyoueverreadJackLondon?
2.商品名-商品
JoanneburnedPlayerafterPlayerinhernervousnessathisfather’seccentric(古怪地全神贯注地)andpreoccupieddriving.(JohnUpdike:
Home)抽烟
3.人名-事物或观念
Toappreciateitreallyonehastoseeitfromunderneaththefall,andtodothatitisnecessarytobedressedinayellowoil-skin,whichisasuglyasamackintosh–andIhopenoneofyoueverwearsone.(OscarWilde:
ImpressionsofAmerica)马金托什雨衣
4.产地-产品
Hewasbehindthearras.挂毯
5.机构地名-机构
STEPINONPEKING’STOES(theGuardian,Oct.17,1982)
1.Sometimesthepenmaybemightierthanthesword.文人---武士
2.Hewasraisedtothebench法官
III.借容器代容器中的物品
1.Thekettleisboiling.
2.Wediscussedthematteroverabottle.
IV.借特征代人或物
1.TheBritishlion英国人
2.boiledlobster英国海军步兵队的兵
3.theBear俄罗斯
V.借概念代实体
Deathfellinshowers.Death---Bullet
VI.借人体器官代能力
Hehasagoodearformusic.
Hehasasharptongue.
VII.借专用词语代另外的概念
AsinglecodewordcabledfromKissingertoNixon,“Eureka”advisedthatthetripthatthetriphadbeensuccessful.由里卡
表达比思想更多的内容
O,forabeakerfullofthewarmSouth(JohnKeats:
”OdetoaNightingale”)南方的美酒abeakerofgin一大杯杜松子酒
Synecdoche(提喻)与借代(metonymy)的区别
1.隶属与非隶属
a.Let’sdrinkacuportwo
b.Thekettleisboiling.
c.Thepenismightierthanthesword.
d.Theywereshortofhands.
e.MyTVisoutoforder.
f.Hecouldhardlyearnhiseverydaybread.
Moreexamples:
Thegrayhairshouldberespected.(年长的人)m
Thesoldierisavaliantheart.勇敢的人s
ShewastobesureagirlwhoexcitedtheemotionsbutIwasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.(heart---emotionhead---thinking)m
Wehaddinnerattendollarsahead.
Yetthereweresomestoutheartwhoattemptedresistance.(C.S.Forester)坚定的人s
Lastyearnearly5.8millionvehiclesrolledofftheassemblylines.汽车
Alas,thatSpringshouldvanishwiththerose!
(EdwardFitzgerald)
Putdownthesteel!
(原材料-产品)
Thegirlsherewerealldressedinsilksandsatins
在涉及到以具体代抽象或以抽象代具体的情况时,流行的看法是把它们看作是提喻而不是借代:
Hehasasmoothtongue.
Simile
主体(Primaryterm/tenor;喻体(secondaryterm/vehicle)
明喻的引导方式大约有如下几类:
1.用常用的介词是like,as
Thetrainsflowedlikeatorrentofdiamondstowardstheinterior.(或车像奔流的钻石一样向着内陆流去.)
Inhisdreamhesawthetinyfigurefallasafly.(在他的梦中他看见那小小的人影像苍蝇一般地落了下去.)
2.用介词短语引导(ofphrase)
Theycrowdedaroundthetwostrangersandthefloodorquestionscame.(他们围住了两个陌生人,问题如潮水般涌来.)
3.用从属连接词引导
1)asorlike
Afarmlayquitevisible,likeawhitestone(lay)inwater.(农庄清晰可辨犹白石映在水中)
2)(as)……as
Thesapphireshallbeasblueasthegreatsea.(蓝宝石像大海一样蓝.)
4.用what引导
AistoBwhatCistoD.
WhatCistoD,AistoB.
Thepenistoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter.(作家的笔犹如战士的枪.)
Whatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistosoul.(教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石.)
用形容词比较级引导
Therubyshallberedderthanaredrose.(红宝石比还要红.)
Hehadnomoreideaofmoneythanacow.(他对金钱像牛对金钱一样一无所知)
5.用并列连词and引导
Loveandcoughcannotbehid.(爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的.)
主体与喻体的前后位置
Whoistoblamebuthertyrantofafather.(怪谁呢?
只有怪那暴君般的父亲。
)(喻体在前)
Adoctormusthavetheheartofalionandthehandofalady.(当一个医生必须有狮子般的胆量和仕女般的巧手。
)(主体在前喻体在后)
主体与喻体的变态形式
多重主喻体
Hewantsitallwithahorribleintensity,asthefaunwantsthenymph.(他非常强烈地渴望这一切,像农牧之神渴望林间的仙女一样。
)主体He与喻体faun主体it与喻体nymph。
(双重的主体与喻体)
句子作主体与喻体
Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.(喻体)Oneofthegreatestvirtueistograsp“now”(主体).
(手中抓住一只鸟胜过林中两只鸟:
最真实有效的莫过于把握住现在。
)
隐喻
A像B或B像A(simile);A是B或B是A(metaphor)名喻在形式上只是相类的关系,隐喻在形式上是相和的关系.
“隐喻实质上是明喻与夸张的融合,或者说是比喻意义的夸张式表达:
夸张处于表层,比喻处于深层.”
隐喻的种类
1.Theconcretivemetaphor(具象化隐喻,即把抽象的概念予以具体化)
e.g.thepainofseparation分离之苦
thelightoflearning智慧之光
aviciouscircle恶性循环
roomfornegotiation谈判的余地
2.Theanimisticmetaphor(生机式隐喻,即赋予无生命之物以生命)
e.g.anangrysky愤怒的天空
gravesyawned呻吟的坟墓
killinghalf-an-hour要命的半小时
shoulderofthehill山脊
3.thehumanizing(anthropomorphic)metaphor
e.g.friendlyriver有好的河流
laughingvalleys欢笑的山谷
4.Thesynaestheticmetaphor
通感式隐喻或联觉式隐喻,即感官的联通与移用,如听见声音,在感官上反映出来的却是看见颜色
e.g.warmcolour暖色
dullsound沉闷的声音
(fromLeech)
隐喻:
认知世界的隐喻概念体系
隐喻不仅是语言修辞手段,而且还是人们认知世界的一种思维和行为方式-------隐喻概念体系(metaphoricalconceptsystem)
MetaphorsWeLiveby一书中列举了三种隐喻:
a)结构隐喻(structuralmetaphor;b)方位隐喻(orientationalmetaphor);c)实体隐喻(ontologicalmetaphor)
e.g.1)Timeismoney.(wastemytime,savemehours,costmeanhour)
Idon’thavethetimetogiveyou.(没空跟你耗)
2)Youareinhighspirits.Heisreallylowthesedays.Heisreallylowthesedays.
I’mfeelingup.Myspiritsrose.
I’mfeelingdown.I’mdepressed.
3)We’reoutoftroublenow.(Troubleisregardedascontainer.)
Hiscriticismswererightontarget.
(from10.3文体学概论)
LIFEISAJOURNEY
Thepersonleadingalifeisatraveler.
Hispurposesaredestinations.
Themeansforachievingpurposesareroutes.
Difficultiesinlifeareimpediments(障碍物)totravel.
Councilorsareguides.
Progressisthedistancetraveled.
Choicesarecrossroads.
“隐喻是各学科通向未来的工具.”(胡壮麟)
博喻(sustainedmetaphor)
两个或两个以上的喻体去比喻同一个主体,在修辞学上称之为博喻.
e.g.Beautyisbutavainanddoubtfulgood.
Ashiningglossthatvadethsuddenly;
Aflowerthatdieswhenfirstitbeginstobud;
Abrittleglassthat’sbrokenpresent…
(Shakespeare)
美只不过是难以确定的浮光掠影
华彩耀目却会突然失去光明
花儿刚刚绽放转瞬即已枯萎
玻璃已经敲碎眼前顿失晶莹……
(美(主体)shininggloss,aflower,abrittleglass(喻体)
延喻
特点:
‘makeaninitialcomparisonandthendevelopit,expandinghis(theauthor’s)ideaashedoes.’E.g.Laws…likecobwebs,wherethesmallfliesarecaughtandthegreatbreakthrough(F.Bacon)(法律…….犹如蛛网,小的苍蝇被网住了而大苍蝇却冲破而过.
Hyperbole(夸张)(overstatement)
2)cognitivefunction(认知功能)2)performativefunction(实效功能)3)affectivefunction(感染功能)
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