西方文化导论.docx
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西方文化导论.docx
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西方文化导论
西方文化导论
西方文化
GreekCulture
1.AwarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandTroy:
1200BC
2.MarkedthehighpointofdevelopmentinGreekcultureinthe5thB.C:
(1)ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcenturyB.C.
(2)Theestablishmentofdemocracyand
(3)Theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens
Romanculture
1.与Greek相同之处:
1.TheRomanshadalotincommonwithGreeks(P13)
2.Boththe….
3.4.5
2.Architecture:
Thepantheon,PontduGard,TheColosseum
1.PatheonisthebestpreservedRom
antemple.
2.PontduGardisanexceptionallywell-preservedaqueduct(P16-17)
3.Colosseumisanenormousamphitheatre.
ThebibleandChristianity
1.ChristianityisthemostinfluentialintheWest.
2.JudaismandChristianity的关系(P17)
(1)ItwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity
(2)BothJudaismandChristianityoriginatedinPalestine
3.TheoldTestament:
(1)TheoldTestament+theNewTestament=TheBible(P18)
(2)TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod
(3)TheNewTestamentisthedoctrineofJesusChrist
ThemiddleAges
generalintroduction
1.ThemiddleAges年份,A.D476-1453(P28)
2.InA.D.476GermanicgeneralkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrol
3.EasternRomanEmpirecontinued,thepowerofancientRomewasgone
4.AgreatmanyGermanickingdomsgrowintoEngland,France,Spain,ItalyandGermany.
5.In5thand11thcenturies,westernEuropewasfrequentwarsandinvasions.
WhyistheMAcalled“AgeofFaith”(p29)
1.DuringtheMedievalTimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeporder.TheonlyorganizationwastheChristianchurch
2.IntheLateMiddleAges,almosteveryoneinWesternEuropeisChristianandamember…
3.Christian掌权政治法律。
。
。
Itshapedpeople’slives
Thecrusades
1.ImportanteffectofThecrusades:
(P31)
(1)AlthoughtheCrusadesdidnotachievetheirgoaltoregaintheHolyland,theyhadanimportanteffect…AndtheygreatlyinfluencedthehistoryofEurope
(2)…Helpedtobreakdownfeudalismwhich,inturnledtoriseofthemonarchies.
(3)…Theirdesireforwealthorpowerbegantoovershadowtheirreligiousideals…
(4)Resultedinrenewingpeople’sinterestinlearningandinvention….AndtheriseoftownsandtradeinwesternEuropepavedthewayforthegrowthofstrongnationalgovernment.
ArtandArchitecture
Romanesque(罗马式建筑)(P36)
1.“Romanesque”=“IntheRomanmanner”…
Gothicart与Romanesqueart的区别
1.Romanesqueartisreligious.
2.Romanesquesculptureandpaintingareoftenimbuedwithsymbolismandallegory.
3.…churchesarestone..butthefeelingofuncertaintyandinsecuritywasstillthere.
Gothic
1.TheGothicstylestartedinFrance
2.…Itwasgivendirectionbyadifferentaestheticandphilosophicalspiritandreflectedamuchmoreorderedfeudalsocietywithfullconfidence.
RenaissanceandReformation
1.Renaissance:
14thandmid17thcentury(P37)
2.RenaissancemeansrevivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture
RenaissanceinItaly:
TheRiseofHumanism
Themainelementofhumanism?
HowaretheseelementsreflectedinartandliteratureduringItalianRenaissance?
1.AttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophyistheassertionofthegreatnessofman.
2.Relatedtothisisthebeliefinthepromotionofwealthandpleasureandafrankadmirationforthebeautyofhumanbody.
3.InartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissance…interestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,fromheaventoearth,fromthebeautyofGodandtheHouseofGodtothebeautyofhumanbodyinallits…
RenaissanceArt
HowdidItalianRenaissanceartbreakawayfrommedievaltradition?
(P39)
1.Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofthechurch….Artistsarecommissionedbythechurchtopaintthedesignbecameaseparatestratumlikewritersandpoetsdoingnoble…
2.Themesofpaintingchangedinto…..allaspectofnatureandman
3.Artists…putmanyoftheprincipleofancientcivilizationintotheirwork.
4.Artistsintroducedintheirworksscientifictheories..
Theseventeenthcentury
1.inthe17thcenturyEuropeadvancedfromtheMiddleAgestothemoderntimes.P56
2.Thisadvancebeganinscience…,owingtotheworkofGalileo,Kepler,NewtonandDescartes.
3.Thetriumphsofsciencerevivedhumanpride.Thisnewoutlookshatteredthe…andboughtaboutmodernphilosophy..
4.Thenewscienceandphilosophygaveagreatpushtopoliticalstruggle..thebourgeoisie,andotherclasses.The17thcenturysawtheintense…,showninrevolutioninEnglandandabsolutemonarchyinFrance…
Twomeritssharedbythegreatscientists(P61)简答题:
科学哲学观如何形成
1.Theyshowedboldnessinframinghypotheses
2.Theyallhadimmensepatienceinobservation
3.Thecombinationofthetwomeritsbroughtaboutfundamentalchangesinman’sscientificandphilosophicalthinking.
FrenchClassicism这个属于Theseventeenthcentury里边的,就放在左边了
ThedifferencebetweenclassicismandFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturyP68-69
1.Classicismimpliestherevivaloftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientworld,areturntoworksofoldGreekliteraturefromHomertoPlatoandAristotle.
2.butFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival.
3.ThisneoclassicismreacheditsclimaxinFranceinthe17thcentury.
ThreenoticecharacteristicsofFrenchclassicismorFrenchneoclassicismP69
1.Manwasviewedasasocialbeingconsciouslyandwillinglysubjecttodiscipline
2.Rationalismwasbelievedtobeabletodiscovetrthebestprinciplesofhumanconductand….
3.Frenchclassicismwasfondofusingclassicalforms,classicalthemesandvalues.
Frenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasanewtypeofclassicism.
BaroqueArt(巴洛克艺术)
1.BaroqueartflourishedfirstinItaly.P71
2.ItthenspreadtoSpain,Portugal,FranceinsouthEuropeandtoFlanderandtheNetherlandsinthenorth.
3.Itwascharacterizedbydramaticintensityandsentimentalappealwithalotofemphasisonlightandcolour(注重光与色的效果,气势雄伟,有感性吸引力)
{代表人物及其作品:
P71-72
1.GiovanniLorenzoBernini(贝尔尼尼)1.2.3.David(大卫),TheEcstasyofSt.Theresa(圣特雷萨的沉迷
2.MichelangeloCaravagio(卡拉瓦乔)1.2firstpainterto强光黑影突出主角画面ThecallingofSt.Matthew\Thecardsharps
3.FrancescoBorromini(普罗密尼)1.2对..进行大胆改变
4.PeterPaulRubens(鲁本斯)1.2.3.greatestpainterofFlemishschool,对扩散Baroque重大贡献,主要作品QueenofFrance\Theraisingofthecross
5.DiegoVelasquez(委拉斯开兹)1.Themaidsofhonor
ArtandArchitectureinFranceP73
1.FrancewastherichestandthemostpowerfulcountryinEurope.
2.LouisXIVwasthegreatestpatronthathistoryhasknown....Asaresult,Francesurgedaheadinarchitecture.
3.ThemasterpiecesofarchitectureinFranceareEastFrontoftheLouvre(卢浮宫朝东的一面)andPalaceofVersaillesGardenFront(凡尔赛宫朝花园的一面).
TheAgeofEnlightenmentp74-75
1.TheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFranceoriginatinginFrance.Itattractedwidespreadsupport……..ofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.
2.TheEnlightenmentissometimes“theAgeofReason”becauseitcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice.
RococoArt(洛可可)P87
1.RococoartappearedduringthereignofLouisXIVandLouisXVinFrance.
2.ThenameofRococohasbeeninterpretedasbeingmadeupoftwoFrenchwords,rocaille,meaningrockandcoquille,meaningshell.
3.Rococostyleinartisusuallyassociatedwitharchitectureandinteriordecoration.
4.Rococoartischaracterizedbyelaborateornamentationimitatingshellworkandfoliageandithasacurvingandelasticpattern.
5.Rococoartwasnotastyleinfinearts,butastyleinsuchminorartsasfurniture,tapestriesclocksandceilingchandeliers.
代表作:
SalondelaPrincesses
Romanticism
WhatisRomanticism?
P91
1.Romanticismwasamovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.
2.Romanticismemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsociety.
Romanticliterature:
RomanticLiteratureworks,diversifiedincharacteranddaringinspirit,alldepictedman’seagersearchforindividualfreedom,puresentimentsandidealbeauty.
Romanticmusic:
P92
1.MusicintheRomanticperiodechoedevermorecloselythenewideasandthemesinartandliterature.
2.Thereoccurredanonrushofexpressiveprogrammusic,artsongandoperaswhichallborethecharacteristicoforiginalityanddifference(新颖别致的).
3.Themusicalromanticsallowedmorefreedominform,stressedtheroleoffhumansentiments,imaginationandloveofnatureanddrewextensivelyonfolkmusicintheircompositions.
4.Themusicalromanticsalsobecameconsciousoftheirnationalfeelingsandtriedhardtogivethemafullexpression
ArtandArchitectureP102-104
Realism
WhyisitthatBalzachasbeencalled“theFrenchDickens”andDickenshasbeencalled“theEnglishBalzac”?
p119
ImpressionisminArtp127
1.Impressionismwasaformofartisticexpressioninthe19thcentury.
2.Impressionisminpaintingbeganinthemid-19thcenturyParis.
3.Theterm“impressionism”firstappeared…itwastakendirectlyfromthetitleofMonet’sImpression:
Sunrise(1872)
4.Generallyspeaking,theimpressionistsaimedatcapturingthefleetingimageofascenetakeninbytheeyeinreallifeandrecreatingthetransitoryexperiencewithbrushstrokes.
Impressionistartists(知道一些)0p127-128
ModernismandOtherTrends
WhatwasmeantbymodernismandwhendidtheModernistmovementbegin?
P130
1.acomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury
2.madeupofmanyfacets,suchassymbolism,surrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism
WhyhasModernismbeencalled“the
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