会展业经济效应外文文献翻译.docx
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会展业经济效应外文文献翻译.docx
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会展业经济效应外文文献翻译
毕业论文外文资料翻译
题目韩国会展业的经济影响
学院
专业
班级
学生
学号
指导教师
二〇一五年五月一日
TourismManagement,2003,(24):
533–541
ConventionindustryinSouthKorea:
aneconomicimpactanalysis
SamuelSeongseopKim,KayeChon
CollegeofHospitalityandTourism,SejongUniversity,98Gunja-Dong,Gwanjin-Gu,Seoul,143747SouthKoreaandSchoolofHotelandTourismManagement,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HungHom,Kowloon,HongKong
Abstract:
ObjectiveofthisstudywastoassesstheeconomicimpactoftheconventionindustryinKorea.Aninput–outputmodelwasusedtoinvestigatetheeconomicimpactoftheconventionindustryintermsofoutput,employment,ine,value-added,andimport.Consideringmultipliereffects,rateofexchangeearnings,andsubstitutioneffect,theconventionindustrywasparedwithothermajorexportproducts.Accordingtoresultsofthisstudy,estimatedeconomicimpactoftheconventionindustrywasreportedtobeverysignificanttotheKoreaneconomy.
Keywords:
Convention;Aninput–output(I–O)model;Multiplier;Substitutioneffect
1.Introduction
Themeetings,incentivetravel,conventions,andexhibitions(MICE)industryisoneofthefastestgrowingsegmentsofthetourismindustrytoday,bothinaglobalandcountryspecificcontext.AccordingtoareportoftheUnionofInternationalAssociations(UIA),thetotalnumberofconventionsheldin2000was9433andthetopfiveconvention-hostingcountriesincludeUS(1303;13.8%ofworldconventionmarket),France(632;6.7%),England(613;6.5%),Germany(591;6.3%),andItaly(430;4.5%).Thesefivecountriesaccountedfor54.7%oftheworldconventionmarket.AreportpublishedbySuccessfulMeetings(2001)indicatedthatthetotalmeetingsindustryspendingin2000intheUSaloneamountedto$122.1billion.Thisfigureincludesspendingbycorporateandassociationmeetingsandincentivetravelmarketsegments.Thetotalrepresentsan8.6%dollarvolumegrowthoverthepreviousyear-inlinewiththeaverage9%year-over-yeargrowthsince1992(SuccessfulMeetings,2001).
TheconventionmarketintheAsia–Pacificregionhasalsoincreasedby124%duringtheperiodof1980–1996(Hutchinson,1997).Especially,Australia’smeetingsandexhibitionsareestimatedtohavegeneratedaroundA$7billionannuallyindirectexpendituretotheAustralianeconomy(Johnson,Foo,&O’Halloran,1999).InternationalattendantstoconferencesinSydneyduring1996–1997stayedonaverage6.9nightsinthe
cityand10daysinAustraliaintotal,andspentonaverageA$5722onconferenceregistrationfees,acmodations,domesticairfares,shopping,restaurants,andothercostswhileinSydney,andtheamountreachedapproximatelyA$770perday(McCabe,Poole,Weeks,&Leiper,2000).Additionally,79%offoreigndelegateswhoparticipatedininternationalconventionsheldinAustraliatendedtostayinfive-orfour-starhotelsandapproximately50%ofallinternationaldelegatesparticipatedinapre-orpostconferencetour,stayingonaverageafurther3.1daysinthecountry(McCabeetal.,2000).
TheKoreangovernmentrecentlyrealizedthesignificanceoftheconventionindustry.Thereexistedonlysmallconventionandexhibitioncentresbeforetheinternationalscaleconventioncentre,COEX,wasopenedintheSpringof2000.TheCOEXhashostedmanyinternationalconventionsincludingthethirdAsia–EuropeMeeting(ASEM)andthe14thGeneralAssemblymeetingoftheWorldTourismOrganization(WTO)ministerialmeeting.Attheprovincialgovernmentlevel,EXCO-DaeguinthecityofDaeguandBEXCOinthecityofBusanwereamongthefirstopenedbyaprimarysourceoffundingbylocalgovernmentsinAprilandMay2001,respectively.Continuously,constructionoflarge-scaleconventioncentreshasbeenundertakenorplannedbyprovincialorlocalgovernmentsinordertostimulatelocaleconomy.TheKoreangovernmentpassedalawforthepromotionoftheconventionindustryinDecember1996toinstitutionalisethelegalenvironmentforpromotingtheconventionindustry.WithglobaleventssuchastheWorldCupandAsianGamesin2002,therapiddevelopmentoftheconventionindustryisexpectedtoreceiveevengreaterattention.
AccordingtoareportoftheUIA,Korearankedthe24thwith109conventionsheldin2000andthefourthintheAsiaregion(KoreaNationalTourismOrganization,2001).Thus,Koreaheld1.15%ofthetotal9433internationalconventionsheldin2000aroundtheworld.AsTable1shows,conventionswithlessthan100foreigndelegatesoccupiedabout75%in2000.Thenumberofforeignparticipantswas33,562in2000andthenumbershowsa1.7%rateofgrowthparedto1999(Table2).
Thereasonsthattheconventionindustryproducesgreateconomicimpactcanbelargelysummarisedasfollows:
(1)thenumberofdelegatesforoneconventionislarge;
(2)thenumberofdaysstayedinacityorcountryislongerthanpleasuretravellerswithotherpurposes;(3)internationalconventiondelegatesarelargespenders;(4)delegateswhoparticipateinaconventionalsotendtojoininpre-orpost-tours(forpleasure);and(5)industriesaffectedbyconventionarevariousandinterrelated.Thus,sinceinternationalconventionshavegreateconomicimpactonthehostingcityorcountry,manycountriesorcitiesmakegreateffortsinpromotingtheconventionindustry.
Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeconomiceffectsofinternationalconventionsthatforeigndelegatesparticipatein.Toinvestigatetheeconomicimpactsoftheconventionindustryonacountry-leveleconomy,aninput–output(I–O)modelwasused.AnI–Omodelisanappropriateapproachtoestimatewhattouristsorvisitorstoanareaoracountryspendwhiletheyarethere,whichgenerateseconomicactivitydirectlyintheformofoutputorsales,inetoresidents,employment,andothermeasuresofeconomicbenefits(Frechtling&Horvath,1999).
StudiesusingI–Omodelstoexploretheestimationofthetotalcontributionstoalocallevelorcountryleveleconomyattributabletotouristsorvisitorshavebeeninavarietyofcontexts:
touriststoacountry(Lee&Kwon,1995),touriststoaregionorlocal(Frechtling&Horvath,1999;Johnson&Sullivan,1993;Uysal,Pomeroy,&Potts,1992),festival/event(Burgan&Mules,1992;Crompton&Kim,1998;Crompton,Lee,&Shuster,2001;Crompton&McKay,1994),andgambling(Felsenstein&Freeman,1998;Lee&Kwon,1995).
Unfortunately,manystudiesontheeconomiceffectsbytheconventionindustryhavenotbeenconducted.WhenreviewingmajortourismjournalssuchasTourismManagement,AnnalsofTourismResearch,andJournalofTravelResearch,Braun’s(1992)studywastheonlyarticlethatreportedtheeconomiceffectbytheconventionindustry.Somereasonswhystudiesontheeconomicimpactofconventionsarenotpopularcanbesuggested.First,theconventionindustryhasrecentlybeenrecognizedasanimportanttourismmarket.Second,itisdifficulttotrackcategoriesofconventionspendingbydelegates,sponsors,orexhibitors.Third,itisdifficulttodisaggregateindustriesaffectedbytheconventionindustrybecausetheconventionindustryislinkedwithavarietyofotherindustries.Fourth,typesofconventionsarevariousaccordingtothenatureoftheconventionincludingthetypeofsponsor(e.g.,corporateorassociation),thenumberofdelegates,thelengthofaconvention,aconventionwith/withoutexhibitionorothertypesofevents,scaleofbudget,andaconventionwith/withoutpre-orpost-conventiontourprogram.Thus,thesefactorsinhibitundertakingstudiesontheeconomicimpactsoftheconventionindustryonaregionorcountry.
AstudybyBraun(1992)identifiedtheeconomiccontributionofconventionsontheeconomyinOrlando,Florida.Hecategorizedtypesofspendingforaconventionintodelegates,associationsasasponsor,andexhibitors.Inhisstudy,totalspendingbyabout1.67milliondelegatesinOrlandowasestimatedandtheamountwasfurtherbrokendownintothefollowingcategories:
lodging(US$531million:
56%),restaurants(US$234million:
24.7%),retailstores(US$86million:
9.1%),entertainment(US$52million:
5.5%),andlocaltransportation(US$45million:
4.7%).Braun’s(1992)studyindicatedthatspendingbyassociationsamountedtoUS$94millioninOrlandoduringconventions:
servicessuchasbanquetsandcatering(overUS$26million:
27.6%),meetingsrooms,exhibitionspace,andequipmentrentals,andservices(US$36million:
38.3%),staffexpensesonhotels,meals,andtransportation(US$9million:
9.6%),andguestspeakersfees,entertainment,andprogramsforspouses(US$23million:
24.5%).HisstudydiscussedthatexhibitorsspentUS$59.2milliononfoodserviceforpromotion(US$34million:
57.4%),hospitalitysuites(US$9.5million:
16.0%),servicesincludingcontracts(US$5.7million:
9.62%),andothers(US$8.2million:
13.8%).
Braun(1992)statedthatconventionspendingdirectlyaffectsthefollowingsectors:
hotelsandotherlodging;eatinganddrinkingestablishments;miscellaneousretail;amusementandrecreation;membershiporganizations;transportationservices;businessservices;socialservices;buildingmaterialsandgardensupply;healthservices;repairservices;museums,botanicalgardens,andzoos.ThetotalofUS$1.19billioninconventionspendingwasusedasanexportofoutputfortheOrlandoeconomytoproducenewrevenuesfromoutsidetheregion.Thetotalimpactwasestimatedatover65,000jobs,US$457millioninine,US$2.28billioninoutput,aboutUS$88millioninlocaltaxesandUS$15millioninstatetaxes.AreportpublishedbytheConventionLiaisonCouncil(CLC)in1995estimatedtheeconomicimpactofconventions,expositions,meetings,andincentivetravelindustryintheUS.Inthereport,theprimarysourcesofdirectspendingrelatedtotheindustryweredesignatedaseventsponsors(bothcorporateandassociation),associationandcorpora
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