职称英语试题.docx
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职称英语试题.docx
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职称英语试题
2009年新书(蓝色标题为09年新增文章)
理工
第一篇:
CaptainCookArrowLegend(C级)
Itwasagreatlegendwhileitlasted,butDNAtestinghasfinallyendedatwo-century-oldstoryoftheHawiianarrow箭头carvedfromtheboneofBritishexplorerCaptainJamesCookwhodiedintheSandwichIslands1in1779.
“ThereisnoCook2intheAustralianMuseum,”museumcollectionmanagerJudePhilipsaidnotlongagoinannouncingtheDNAevidencethatthearrowwasnotmadeofCook’sbone.Butthatwillnotstopthemuseumfromcontinuingtodisplaythearrowinitsexhibition,“Uncovered:
TreasuresoftheAustralianMuseum3,”whichdoesincludeafeathercapepresentedtoCookbyHawaiianKingKalani’opu’uin1778.
CookwasoneofBritain’sgreatexplorersandiscreditedwithdiscoveringthe“GreatSouthLand,”nowAustralia,in1770.Hewasclubbed棍打todeathintheSandwichIslands,nowHawaii.夏威夷,夏威夷岛
ThelegendofCook’sarrowbeganin1824whenHawaiianKingKamehamehaonhisdeathbed临死所卧之床,临终之时gavethearrowtoWilliamAdams,aLondonsurgeonandrelativeofCook’swife,sayingitwasmadeofCook’sboneafterthefatalfightwithislanders.
Inthe1890sthearrowwasgiventotheAustralianMuseumandthelegendcontinueduntilitcameface-to-facewithscience.
DNAtestingbylaboratoriesinAustraliaandNewZealandrevealedthearrowwasnotmadeofCook’sbonebutwasmorelikelymadeofanimalbone,saidPhilp.
However,Cook’sfansrefusetogiveuphopethatoneCooklegendwillprovetrueandthatpartofhisremainswillstillbeuncovered,astheysaythereisevidencenotallofCook’sbodywasburiedatseain1779.“Onthisoccasiontechnologyhaswon,4”saidCliffThornton,presidentoftheCaptainCookSociety,inastatementfromBritain.“ButIamsurethatoneofthesedays…oneoftheCooklegendswillprovetobetrueanditwillhappenoneday.”
第二篇:
(新增)AvalancheandItsSafety(C级)
Anavalancheisasuddenandrapidflowofsnow,oftenmixedwithairandwater,downamountainside.Avalanchesareamongthebiggestdangersinthemountainsforbothlifeandproperty.
Allavalanchesarecausedbyanover-burdenofmaterial,typicallysnowpack,thatistoomassiveandunstablefortheslopethatsupportsit.Determiningthecriticalload,theamountofover-burdenwhichislikelytocauseanavalanche,isacomplextaskinvolvingtheevaluationofanumberoffactors.
Terrainslopesflatterthan25degreesorsteeperthan60degreestypicallyhavealowriskofavalanche.Snowdoesnotgathersignificantlyonsteepslopes;also,snowdoesnotfloweasilyonflatslopes.Human-triggeredavalancheshavethegreatestincidencewhenthesnow’sangleofrestisbetween35and45degrees;thecriticalangle,theangleatwhichthehumanincidenceofavalanchesisgreatest,is38degree.Theruleofthumbis:
Aslopethatisflatenoughtoholdsnowbutsteepenoughtoskihasthepotentialtogenerateanavalanche,regardlessoftheangle.Additionally,avalancheriskincreaseswithuse;thatis,themoreaslopeisdisturbedbyskiers,themorelikelyitisthatanavalanchewilloccur.
Duetothecomplexityofthesubject,wintertravelinginthebackcountryisnever100%safe.Goodavalanchesafetyisacontinuousprocess,includingrouteselectionandexaminationofthesnowpack,weatherconditions,andhumanfactors.Severalwell-knowngoodhabitscanalsoreducetherisk.Iflocalauthoritiesissueavalancheriskreports,theyshouldbeconsideredandallwarningsshouldbepaidattentionto.Neverfollowinthetracksofotherswithoutyourownevaluations;snowconditionsarealmostcertaintohavechangedsincetheyweremade.Observetheterrainandnoteobviousavalanchepathswhereplantsaremissingordamaged.Avoidtravelingbelowotherswhomighttriggeranavalanche.
第三篇:
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive(C级)卫生第三篇
It’snowaffairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980,whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewild,bydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthearesupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanet,whatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves?
Inreality,ofcourse,itwasnaïvetoimaginethateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.1Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhaveafewvials.Andthelast“official”stocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia,2fornoobviousgain.
NowAmericanresearchershavefoundananimalmodelofthehumandisease,openingthewayfortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasontokeepthevirus—justincasethediseaseputsinareappearance.
HowdowedealwiththemistrustoftheUSandRussia?
Simple.Keepthevirusunderinternationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobject,ofcourse,justatitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideaiswrong.Ifthevirusisuseful,thenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.
第四篇:
Animal’s“SixthSense”(C级)
AtsunamiwastriggeredbyanearthquakeintheIndianOceaninDecember,2004.ItkilledtensofthousandsofpeopleinAsiaandEastAfrica.Wildanimals,however,seemtohaveescapedthatterribletsunami.ThisphenomenonaddsweighttonotionsthatItheypossessa“sixthsense”fordisasters,expertssaid.
SriLankanwildlifeofficialshavesaidthegiantwavesthatkilledover24,000peoplealongtheIndianOceanisland’scoastclearlymissedwildbeasts,withnodeadanimalsfound.
“Noelephantsaredead,notevenadeadrabbit.Ithinkanimalscansensedisaster.Theyhaveasixthsense.Theyknowwhenthingsarehappening.”H.D.Ratnayake,deputydirectorofSriLanka’sWildlifeDepartment,saidaboutonemonthafterthetsunamiattack.Thewaveswashedfloodwatersupto2milesinlandatYalaNationalParkintheravagedsoutheast,SriLanka’sbiggestwildlifereserveandhometohundredsofwildelephantsandseveralleopards.
“Therehasbeenalotofapparentevidenceaboutdogsbarkingorbirdsmigratingbeforevolcaniceruptionsorearthquakes.Butithasnotbeenproven,”saidMatthewvanLieropananimalbehaviorspecialistatJohannesburgZoo.
“Therehavebeennospecificstudiesbecauseyoucan’treallytestitinalaborfieldsetting2,”hetoldReuters.Otherauthoritiesconcurredwiththisassessment.
“Wildlifeseemtobeabletopickupcertainphenomenon,especiallybirds…therearemanyreportsofbirdsdetectingimpendingdisasters,”saidCliveWalker,whohaswrittenseveralbooksonAfricanwildlife.
Animalscertainlyrelyontheknownsensessuchassmellorhearingtoavoiddangersuchaspredators.
Thenotionofananimal“sixthsense”-orsomeothermythicalpower-isanenduringone3whichtheevidenceonSriLanka’sravagedcoastislikelytoaddto.
TheRomanssawowlsasomensofimpendingdisasterandmanyancientculturesviewedelephantsassacredanimalsendowedwithspecialpowersorattributes.
第五篇:
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlind(C级)
Ifyoucannotsee,youmaynotbeableto1findyourwayoutofaburningbuilding—andthatcouldbefatal.AcompanyinLeedscouldchangeallthat2withdirectionalsoundalarmscapableofguidingyoutotheexit.
SoundAlert,acompanyrunbytheUniversityofLeeds,isinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomeforblindpeopleinSommersetandaresourcecenterfortheblindinCumbria.Thealarmsproduceawiderangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebraintodeterminewherethesoundiscomingfrom.
DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthatthealarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbeheardbyhumans.“Itisaburstofwhitenoise白噪音:
音响或电力嗓音thatpeoplesaysoundslikestatic静电噪声ontheradio,”shesays.“Itslife-savingpotentialisgreat.”
Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal-imagingcamerastryingtofindtheirwayoutof3alargesmoke-filledroom.Ittookthemnearlyfourminutestofindthedoorwithoutasoundalarm,butonly15secondswithone.
Withingtonstudieshowthebrainprocessessoundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthesourceofawideband波段offrequenciescanbepinpointed极微小的moreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowband.Alarmsbasedonthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.
Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequenciestoindicatewhetherpeopleshouldgoupordownstairs.TheyweredevelopedwiththeaidofalargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.
第六篇:
CarThievesCouldBeStoppedRemotely遥远地(C级)
Speedingoff超速行驶inastolencar,thethiefthinkshehasgotagreatcatch2.Butheisinanasty3surprise.Thecarisfittedwitharemoteimmobilizer,andaradiosignalfromacontrolcentermilesawaywillensurethatoncethethiefswitchestheengineoff,hewillnotbeabletostartitagain.
Fornow,suchdevicesareonlyavailableforfleetsoftrucks4andspecialistvehiclesusedonconstructionsites.Butremoteimmobilizationtechnologycouldsoonstarttotrickle慢慢地移动downtoordinarycars,5andshouldbeavailabletoordinarycarsintheUKintwomonths.
Theideagoeslikethis.Acontrolboxfittedtothecarincorporates6aminiaturecellphone,amicroprocessorandmemory,andaGPS7satellitepositioningreceiver.Ifthecarisstolen,acodedcellphonesignalwilltelltheunittoblockthevehicle’senginemanagementsystemandpreventtheenginebeingrestarted.
Thereareevenplansforimmobilizersthatshutdownvehiclesonthemove8,thoughtherearefearsoverthesafetyimplicationsofsuchasystem.
IntheUK,anarrayof9technicalfixes10isalreadymakinglifeharderforcarthieves.“Thepatternofvehiclescrimehaschanged,”sa
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