高考英语阅读理解课堂练学案一.docx
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高考英语阅读理解课堂练学案一.docx
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高考英语阅读理解课堂练学案一
2018高考英语:
阅读理解课堂练学案(30)(结束)
PassageThirty-four
(TheRelationshipbetweenBrainProcesswithMentalExperience)
By1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedratherdiscouraging.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.
Neartheturnofthecentury,ithadbeensuggestedbyHeringthatdifferentmodesofsensation,suchaspain,tasteandcolor,mightbecorrelatedwiththedischargeofspecifickindsofnervousenergy,However,subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtorevealanysuchqualitativediversity.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerverigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“commoncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem.Accordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,but,rather,thedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.
However,corticalasdiverseasthoseofred,black,greenandwhite,ortouch,cold,warmth,movement,pain,postureandpressureapparentlymayarisethroughactivationofthesamecorticalareas.Whatseemedtoremainwassomekindofdifferentialpatterningeffectsinthebrainexcitation:
itisthedifferenceinthecentraldistributionofimpulsesthatcounts.Inshort,Braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogenousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.Tomatchthemultipledimensionsofmentalexperiencepsychologistscouldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulses.
1. Upuntil1950,effortstoestablishthatbrainprocessesandmentalexperiencearerelatedwouldmostlikelyhavebeenmetwith
[A].vexation. .irritability. [C].discouragement [D].neutrality
2. Theauthormentions“commoncurrency”primarilyinordertoemphasizethe
[A].lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulsesinhumanbeings.
.similaritiesintheviewsofthescientists.
[C].similarityofsensationsofhumanbeings.
[D].continuouspassageofnerveimpulsesthroughthenervoussystem.
3. Whichofthefollowingtheoriesisreinforcedbythedepictionoftheexperimentinlines16—19?
[A].Cognitiveexperiencemanifestedbysensorynerveimpulsesareinfluencedbytheareaofthebrainstimulated.
.Qualitativediversityinnervepotentialscannowbestudiedmoreaccurately.
[C].Sensorystimuliareheterogeneousandaregreatlyinfluencedbythenervesensorstheyproduce.
[D].Differentiationinneuralmodalitiesinfluencesthelengthofnervetransmissions.
4. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingexhibittheLEASTqualitativevariation?
[A].Nervecells. .Nerveimpulses.
[C].Corticalareas. [C].Spatialpatternsofnerveimpulses.
Vocabulary
1. mentalexperiences 精神感受
2. discharge 释放
3. negligible 微小的,可以忽略不计的
4. manifold 多种多样的,多方面
5. neuron 神经元/细胞
6. neural (中枢)神经的(系统)
7. qualitativediversity 质的多样性,量变的
8. disprove 反驳,反证
9. homogeneous 相似的
10. sensorynerve 感觉神经
11. cortical 外皮的,皮质的
12. cerebralcortex 大脑皮层
13. locus
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