从句讲解及练习.docx
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从句讲解及练习.docx
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从句讲解及练习
英语从句讲解与练习
●定语从句用法详解
●定语从句的基本结构:
先行词+关系词+从句
●先行词(引导词)
定语从句是由关系代词(who,whom,whose,which,that,as)和关系副词(when,where,why)引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分。
that,who,whom:
用于非限制性定语从句,如果修饰人,一般用who,有时用that(作主语时用who较多);如果关系代词在从句中作宾语,就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉,在口语中可用who代替whom。
●定语从句的分类
●限制性定语从句:
限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确。
1.that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。
而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2.which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3.代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all,anything,much等,这时的that常被省略
4.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5.where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6.when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time”一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
e.g.:
Bythetime(when)youarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedtherefortwoweeks.
Istillrememberthefirsttime(when)Imether.
Eachtime(when)hegoestobusinesstrip,hebringsalotoflivingnecessities,suchastowels,soap,toothbrushetc.
7.whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8.当从句的逻辑主语是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing时,常用thereis来引导。
●非限制性定语从句:
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。
1.which引导的非限定性定语从句,用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于inwhich,atwhich,forwhich或atwhich
e.g.:
Attitudestowardsdaydreamingarechanginginmuchthesamewaythat(inwhich)attitudestowardsnightdreaminghavechanged.
Ilikethemusicfortheveryreasonthat(forwhich)hedislikeit.
Wearrivedonthedaythat(onwhich)theyleft.
3.在非限制性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who,whom代表人,用which代表事物。
如:
1.Iknowtheboy.TheboycanspeakEnglishwell.Iknowtheboy____canspeakEnglishwell.
2.Ihaveafriend.Hisfatherisateacher.Ihaveafriend____fatherisateacher.
3.Ican’tfindthehouse.Myfriendlivesinit.Ican’tfindthehouse____myfriendlivesin.
OR:
Ican’tfindthehouse____myfriendlives.
●如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词,或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词,其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:
e.g.:
MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.
Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.
Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbypostgraduates.
●在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代。
e.g.:
Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.
Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.
Hereistheman(whom)you’vebeenlookingfor.
Heisaman,(whom)youcansafelydependon.
Thepeople,(whom)youweretalkingto,wereSwedes.
TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.
●但在介词后只能用whom:
e.g.:
ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.
Herecomesthepresidentforwhomwehavebeenwaiting.
●不过,在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去,这时可用that,但省略时更多一些。
e.g.:
Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?
Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingabout.
ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.
Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.
●限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,有时也用which。
当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时,在绝大多数情况下都是省略的,特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all,everything等词时):
e.g.:
Haveyoueverythingyouneed?
(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?
Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.
●表物时,在介词后只能用which,在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去,这时可以用that,但省略的时候更多一些:
e.g.:
Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench(扳手).
Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.
Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.
Thisisthequestion(that)we’vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.
●定语从句一般修饰名词或代词,但有时也可修饰整个句子或句子的一部分,这时,引导词用which:
e.g.:
Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.
Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.
Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping.
Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.
●whose:
在表示“...的”这个概念时,可用所有格whose;whose既可指物,又可指人,有时可与ofwhich交替使用,通常的词序是:
名词词组+ofwhich。
e.g.:
Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?
(…thefamilyofwhich…)
Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.(…thepurposeofwhichwas…)
He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(…whosenameI’ve…)
ofwhich前的名词词组也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基数词担任;这些词也能用在ofwhom之前。
e.g.:
Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.
It’safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.
●关系副词when,where,why:
它们的含义相当于atwhich,inwhich,forwhich,因此它们之间有交替使用的可能。
Thedaywhenhewasborn…
onwhichhewasborn…
whichhewasbornon…
Theofficewhereheworks…
atwhichheworks…
whichheworksat…
Thereasonwhyshewascrying…
forwhichshewascrying…
whichshewascryingfor…
●有时可用that替代关系副词,在口语中that可省略
e.g.:
Everytime(that)thetelephonerings,hegetsnervous.
Thiswasthefirsttime(that)Ihadserioustroublewithmyboss.
Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?
Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.
Thatisthereason(why)hedidit.
●在theway后也可用that替代inwhich,在口语中that也可省略
e.g.:
Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hedidit.
That’stheway(that/inwhich)Ilookatit.
●如果定语从句中谓语为thereis,作主语的关系代词也常可省掉
e.g.:
Imustmakefulluseofthetime(that)thereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.
Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoNanjing.
●定语从句的简化:
定语从句与不定式结构,-ing分词结构,-ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系
e.g.:
Hewastheonlyonetorealizethedanger(=whorealizedthedanger).
Thewomandrivingthecar(=whowasdrivingthecar)indicatedthatshewasgoingtoturnleft.
Themaninjuredbythebullet(=whowasinjuredbythebullet)wastakentohospital.
Allthewomenpresent(=whowerepresent)lookedupinalarm.
●使用定语从句时应特别注意的几个问题
●限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别
●限定性定语从句必须和主句紧紧连在一起,不可分开;非限定性定语从句一般用逗号与主句隔开。
限定性定语从句的关系代词做宾语时,有时可以省略,而非限定性定语从句的关系代词不可以省略。
e.g.:
Thisisthegirl(whom)Imetyesterday.(限定性定语从句)
Shesangasong,whichwelikedverymuch.(非限定性定语从句)
Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.(限制性定语从句)
Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.(非限制性定语从句)
ShehastwosonswhoareP.L.A.men.(限制性定语从句)
Shehastwosons,whoareP.L.A.men.(非限制性定语从句)
●非限定性定语从句中的关系代词可以代表一个单词、词组或整个句子
e.g.:
MybrotherlivesinZhongshanRoad,whichisonlytwohours’drivefrommyhome.
TheEnglishparty,whichwasheldinourschool,wasgood.
Helosthisbike,whichmadehimunhappy.
●that与which的区别。
1.用that而不用which的情况
①当先行词是all,anything,nothing,something,anything,each等不定代词时
e.g.:
Thereisnothingthatcanpreventhimfromdoingit.
Doyouhaveanythingthatisimportanttotellme?
There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.
②当先行词被最高级、序数词或被序数词修饰时
e.g.:
ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinGuilinwasElephantTrunkHill.
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.
ThebiggestbirdthatIcaughtisthisbird.
WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.
Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.
③当先行词被theonly,thevery,thenext,thelast等词修饰时
e.g.:
MrSmithistheonlyforeignerthatheknows.
ThisistheverybookthatIlostyesterday.
④当先行词被all,any,some,no,not,every,each等修饰时
e.g.:
Ihavesomebooksthatareverygood.
Ihavetoldyouallthathappenedthatday.
Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
Shehasn’tgotanythingthatisvaluableinherhouse.
⑤先行词既有人又有物时
e.g.:
Iwon’tforgetthethingsandthepersonsthatIsawyesterday.
Theoldmancan’trecallthepeopleandtheanimalsthathesawinthezoo.
Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.
Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.
2.用which而不用that的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句
e.g.:
Thebook,whichisveryexpensive,waswrittenbyafamouswriter.
Mygoldwatch,whichbelongedtomygreatgrandpa,wasgiventomeasabirthdaypresent.
②代表整个主句的意思
e.g.:
Hehadfailedinthemathsexam,whichmadehisfatherveryangry.
Sammy’sfriendssenthimaprettybirthdaypresent,whichimpressedhimgreatly.
③介词+关系代词
e.g.:
Thisisahouseinwhichlivesanoldman.
Thisistheroominwhichmyfatherlivedlastyear.
④当主句中的主语被that修饰时
e.g.:
ThatdogwhichIfoundinthestreetbelongstoMary.
ThatplacewhichIoncevisitedisascenicspot.
3.关系代词as引导定语从句时的用法
①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于thesame…as,such…as结构中
e.g.:
Iwantthesameshirtasmyfriend’s.
SuchmachinesasareusedinourworkshoparemadeinChina.
②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。
通常用下列句型:
asisknowntoall,asissaid,asisreported,asisannounced,asweallknow,asIexpect等。
e.g.:
AsIexpected,hegotthefirstplaceagaininthismid-termexamination.
Asisknowntoall,Chinsisbecomingstrongerandstronger.
4.as引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
●当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g.:
Hemadealongspeech,asweexpected.
Hemadealongspeech,whichwasunexpected.
●当非限制定语从句为否定时,常用which引导。
e.g.:
Tomdrinksaloteveryday,whichhiswifedoesn’tlikeatall.
Jennyisaheavysmoker,whichallherchildrenurgehertogiveup.
5.修饰人时关系代词that和who,whom的区分
●先行词是one,ones,anyone,those时,宜用who
e.g.:
Doyoumeantheonewhowasstandingoverthere?
Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.
Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.
Thosewhowanttoseethefilmsignuphere.
●在Therebe开头的句字中,宜用who
e.g.:
Therearemanyyoungmenwhoareagainsttheplan.
Therearesomestudentswhoenjoyplayingcomputergamesbetterthanstudying.
先行词指人,且关系代词前有介词时,只用whom
e.g.:
SheisthegirlwithwhomIvisited
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