东亚的反倾销问题外文翻译学士学位论文.docx
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东亚的反倾销问题外文翻译学士学位论文.docx
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东亚的反倾销问题外文翻译学士学位论文
2126单词
中文3573字
外文翻译
EastAsia’sAnti-dumpingProblem
MaterialSource:
WileyOnlineLibraryAuthor:
ThomasJ.Prusa
1.INTRODUCTION
Themorethingschange,themoretheystaythesame.Inthe1970santi-dumping(AD)wasthemostcommontypeoftradedispute,andEastAsiancountriesweretheleadingtargetsoftheseinvestigations.Thesamewastrueinthe1980s.Thesamewasalsotrueinthe1990s.Thesameisstilltruetoday.
Forallthehueandcryaboutsafeguards,Super301,government-subsidizedexports,etc.,ADwas,is,andfortheindefinitefuturewillcontinuetobe,theundisputedkingofprotection.Severalauthorshavedocumentedtheworld’sgrowingADproblem(Mirandaetal.,1998;Prusa,2001;andZanardi,2004).EachstudyprovidesevidenceofthegrowinguseandproliferationofADprotection.Prusa(2005)perhapsoffersthebestevidence,pointingoutthatintermsofthequantityoftradelitigation,ADhaslappedthefield–severaltimesover.Between1995and2000,WTOmembersreported61safeguardinvestigations,115countervailingdutyinvestigations,and1,441ADinvestigations!
Saidsomewhatdifferently,overthepast25yearstherehavebeenmoredisputesundertheADagreementthanunderalltheotherGATT/WTOtradestatutesputtogether.
WhilethereisconsiderabledisagreementwhetherADlevelsortiltstheplayingfield,therecanbelittledoubtthatEastAsiancountrieshavebeen,andwilllikelycontinuetobe,theleadingtargetsofADactions.Simplyput,ADisaseriousproblemforEastAsia;byalmostanymeasureEastAsiancountriesaresubjecttoadisproportionateshareofADactions.Theextentofthedisparityhasnotbeenrecognizedinanypreviousstudies.Thegoalofthispaperistoeliminatethisgapintheliterature.
Forthispaper,IreviewADdisputesoverthepast25yearsandfindthatEastAsianeconomies–Japan,Indonesia,SouthKorea,Malaysia,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,China-TaiwanandChina-PRC–arenotonlysubjecttoanextraordinarilylargenumberofADactionsbutalsoaccountformostoftheworldwidegrowthinADactions.IwillshowthatthegrowthofADhaslargelycomeattheexpenseofEastAsiancountries.
AnotherdetailthatthispaperuncoversisthatEastAsiancountrieshavelargely
shunnedtheuseofAD.ThisisalsodepictedinFigure1whereIcalculatethefractionofADcasesfiledbyEastAsiancountries.Asseen,EastAsiancountriesgenerallyaccountforlessthanfivepercentofADfilingsworldwide.AsIwilldiscuss,suchrestraintishighlyunusual.ItappearsthatEastAsiancountriesareoutliersonbothperspectives–theyaresubjecttoaremarkablylargenumberofADactionsbutfileremarkablyfewADactions.
MyhopeisthatthispaperwillgivereadersabetterunderstandingofthepatternsofADbyandagainstEastAsiancountriesoverthepast25years.Whethermeasuredbynumberofcasesorbycasesperdollaroftrade,EastAsiancountrieslooksignificantlydifferentfromotherlargeeconomies.Toalargeextent,thetrendsandpatternsaresosharpthatsimpletablesdoagoodjobdeliveringthemessage.But,toconfirmthatotherfactorsarenotbehindthepatternsIalsousemoreformalstatisticalmethodstoconfirmthefindings.Forinstance,aftercontrollingforfactorsthatmightinfluencefilingssuchastheexchangerateandtradevolume,IfindthatEastAsiancountriesaresubjecttoabouttwiceasmanycasesaseitherNorthAmericanorWesternEuropeancountries.Moreover,IfindthetrendinfilingsagainstEastAsiancountriesisincreasing,bywhichImeanthatinrecentyearsthepropensityforcountriestodirecttheirADfilingsagainstEastAsiancountriesisgrowing.OneconcernisthatthegrowingintensityofADuseagainstEastAsiaisdrivenbyChina-PRC.Importantly,IfindarisingpropensityevenifIexcludeChina-PRC.Lookingfromtheothersideofthedispute,IalsofindthatNorthAmericancountriesfilemorethansixtimesasmanycasesasdoEastAsiancountries,holdingotherfactorsconstant.OneithersideoftheADprocess,EastAsiancountriesareoutliers.
2.ALOOKATTHEDATA
a.Background
InordertogetahandleontheworldwideuseofAD,IreviewedreportssubmittedtotheWTObymembercountries.Byagreement,since1980allWTOmembershavebeenrequiredtomakesemi-annualreportsontheiruseoftraderemedies,includingADactivity.UsingthesereportsadatabaseofallADactions
filedbyWTOmembersbetween1980andJune2002wascompiled;overallabout4,600ADactionshavebeenreportedtotheWTO.ADactionsinitiatedbynon-WTOmembersarenotinmydatabase.1TheWTOreportsincludeonlybasiccaseinformation,suchasthefiling(reporting)country,theaffectedcountry,thenameoftheproductbeinginvestigatedandthedatethecasewasfiled.ForsomecasesIalsoknowwhetheradutywasimposed,butthesizeofdutyisalmostneverreported.Also,onecannotusetheWTOADreportstotrackthetradeimpactbecauseproduct(tariff)codesarenotreported.
BeforelookingatthepatternsinADuse,acoupleofcommentsonthedatabaseareinorder.Tobeginwith,thecountry-andproduct-specificityofADinvestigationsaffectstheaccounting.ADcasesarereportedbyproductagainstaparticularnamedcountry.Forinstance,occasionallyaninvestigationinvolvingasingleproductwillbebrokenintomultipleproductsandconsequentlyreportedasmultiplecases.Morecommon,aninvestigationwillnamemultipleforeigncountries,andhenceberecordedasmultiplecases.BothcharacteristicsincreasethenumberofADfilingsasdomesticindustriesseektowidenthescopeofprotection.
MorecomplicatedaccountingissuesinvolveEUcountriesandformerUSSRrepublics.First,underEUrulesADcasesarenotfiledbyindividualcountriesbutonbehalfoftheentireEU.Bycontrast,ADcasesfiledagainstEUcountriesnameindividualcountries.3Forinstance,aUSADactionagainststeelbeamsfromFranceandGermanywouldbereportedastwoseparatecases.Inordertokeeptheaccountingconsistent,Ihave‘merged’casesinvolvingthesameproductfiledatthesametimeagainstindividualEUcountriesintoasingleEUcaseandhaveclassifiedtheaffectedcountryasthe‘EU’.Thisadjustmentresultsinabout300fewercases.Asaresult,thenumbersIreportinthispaperwilldifferfromstatisticsreportedelsewhere(Mirandaetal.,1998;Prusa,2001;andZanardi,2004).Nevertheless,IfeelthatcombiningcasesagainstEUcountriesallowsoneamoreconsistent‘balancesheet’ofworldwideADactivity.
b.AD–FilingPatterns
InTable1,IreportthenumberofADcasesfiledsince1980,includingsubtotalsforfive-yearintervals.Asmentionedabove,Iaggregatetheindividualcountryfilingstoaregionalbasisinthesesummarytables.
TABLE1
NumberofADCasesFiledbyEachRegion
ReportingRegion
1980–6.2002
1980–84
1985–89
1990–94
1995–99
2000–6.02
NorthAmerica
1,236
276
306
308
171
175
Pacific/Oceania
832
228
172
267
114
51
WesternEurope
789
154
138
212
199
86
SouthAmerica
742
0
36
279
264
163
SouthAsia
275
0
0
15
120
140
EastAsia
186
0
6
32
103
45
EastandSouthernAfrica
148
0
0
14
110
24
NorthAfrica
28
0
0
0
20
8
CentralAmericaandCaribbean
24
0
0
0
19
5
MiddleEast
24
0
0
3
16
5
EasternEurope
17
0
0
2
11
4
WestAfrica
0
0
0
0
0
0
CentralAsia
0
0
0
0
0
0
Since1980,NorthAmericancountrieshavefiledmoreADcasesthananyotherregion.About85percentofNorthAmericancaseshavebeenfiledbytheUnitedStatesandCanada.Pacific/OceaniaisthesecondheaviestAD-usingregion.ThisisalmostentirelyduetoAustralia.WesternEurope’stotalof789cases(whichareprimarilyEUfilings)makesitthethirdheaviestADuser.Inotherwords,overthelongrunADusehasbeendominatedbythefourtraditionalADusers:
UnitedStates,Canada,AustraliaandtheEU.
Whenonelooksatthefilingsfortheindividualsub-periods,however,animportantdynamicpatternemerges.Inparticular,lookingacrossthecolumnsonecanseetheadoptionofADprotectionbymoreandmorecountriesaroundtheworld.Earlyon(1980–84)allADfilingactivitywasconfinedtothreeregions,NorthAmerica,Pacific/OceaniaandWesternEurope.Furthermore,thefourtraditionalusersaccountfor99percentofthesefilings.AspointedoutbyFinger(1993)forallintentsandpurposes,untilthemid-1980sADwasanactivepolicyinstrumentforonlyfourusers.
SincethattimeADusehasprogressivelyspreadthroughouttheworld.Duringthesecondhalfofthe1980s,forinstance,SouthAmericanandEastAsiancountriesbegantouseAD.Bythesecondhalfofthe1990s,ADwasusedbynearlyallpartsoftheworld.Today,onlythepoorestcountriesinAfricaandCentralAsiaarenotactiveADusers.Whatismore,thenewusershavenotjustdabbledwithAD.AsdiscussedinPrusa(2001and2005)whencountriesbegintouseAD,theytypicallydosoinabigway.Today,manyofthemostaggressiveADusersarenewusers.Asaresult,forthelastdecadethetraditionalusershaveaccountedforlessthan40percentofallADactions(Prusa,2005).
TheemergenceofChina-PRCisamajorreasonfortherisingtrendofADuseagainstEastAsia.Sincethe1980sADactionsagainstChina-PRChaveincreasedfive-fold.IfweexcludeChina-PRCfromtheEastAsiantotals,wefindthatbetween1985and2002ADactionsagainstEastAsiancountriesgrewby75percent.ItappearsthatChina-PRCispartoftheexplanationfortheincreasebutnotthewholestory.Themessageisclear:
EastAsiancountrieshavenotonlybornethebruntofADprotectionismbutalsotheburdenisincreasingovertime.
3.MODELANDRESULTS
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