外文翻译东亚产业内贸易测度与决定因素的研究节选.docx
- 文档编号:28752950
- 上传时间:2023-07-19
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:11
- 大小:30.03KB
外文翻译东亚产业内贸易测度与决定因素的研究节选.docx
《外文翻译东亚产业内贸易测度与决定因素的研究节选.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《外文翻译东亚产业内贸易测度与决定因素的研究节选.docx(11页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
外文翻译东亚产业内贸易测度与决定因素的研究节选
中文3700字,2100单词,1.1万英文字符
出处:
ThorpeM,ZhangZ.StudyoftheMeasurementandDeterminantsofIntra-industryTradeinEastAsia*[J].AsianEconomicJournal,2005,19
(2):
231–247.
英文
StudyoftheMeasurementandDeterminantsofIntra-industryTradeinEastAsia
MichaelThorpe,ZhaoyangZhang
Thepresentpaperinvestigatesthedevelopmentofintra-industrytrade(IIT)amongtheEastAsianeconomiesoverthe1970–1996period.Adynamicindexisusedtocapturethechangesinthestructureoftradeflows.Basedonthisapproach,IITisdecomposedintohorizontal(HIIT)andverticalcomponents(VIIT)andthedeterminantsofeachareinvestigated.TheresultsshowthatbothHIITandVIIThaveexhibitedincreasedimportanceoverthesampleperiodinmanufacturing.Usingpooledpaneldatathetwo-waytradeinallmeasuresofIITisfoundtobepositivelyrelatedtothecountry-specificvariables,suchasthemarketsize,exhangeratedepreciation,thelevelsofdevelopmentandincome,andnegativelytothegeographicproximityofthepartners.EconomiesofscaleareseentohaveapositiveinfluenceonIITandHIIT,butanegativerelationshipwithVIIT.Al-thoughtherelativeopennessofacountry’straderegimeshowsnosignificantrelationshipwithanyformofIIT,atradeimbalancedoesaffectIITandHIITflows.ThefindingshaveimplicationsforassessingthestructuraladjustmentcostsassociatedwiththetradeliberalizationprocessasHIITisassociatedwithdemandforvarietyandrelatestotwo-waytradeingoodsofsimilarquality,whileVIITisdrivenbyinternationalspecializationanddifferencesinrelativefactorendowments.
Keywords:
intra-industrytrade,EastAsia,Manufacturing.
1.Introduction
Theperiodofthe1970stothemid-1990swasoneofextraordinarygrowthinexportsforawideninggroupofEastAsianeconomies.Althoughthisexpansionoftradereflectedabroadarrayofglobalpartners,therewasasignificantriseinintra-regionaltrade,particularlyincomponentsandintermediategoodsasforeigninvestmentsupportedanincreasedspecializationandregionaldivisionoflabor.
Thetraditionalviewongrowthintradeforacountryrecognizesthatalthoughtheoutcomerepresentsapositive-sumgame,agrowingspecializationbasedoncomparativeadvantagewillbeaccompaniedbysignificanttransitionaladjustmentcosts,withlosersaswellaswinnerswithinacountry.TheadjustmentimplicationsofEastAsiantradeexpansionareimportantforpolicy-makersbothwithinandoutsidetheregion(BrulhartandThorpe,1999).Onewidelyusedempiricalmethodtoassesspossibleadjustmentpressuresistolookatintra-industrytrade(IIT)patterns.AhighshareofIITinoveralltradereflectsrelativelylesslabormarketdisruption,withworkerstendingtomovemorewithinratherthanbetweenindustries.Asaresult,adjustmentcostswillbelessthegreaterisIIT.However,researchersinthisareahaveincreasinglysoughttodecomposeIITintoverticalandhorizontalIIT(VIITandHIIT,respectively).Thisraisessomequestionsregardingthenatureandstrengthofthelinkpositedbetweenexpandingtwo-waytradeandtheassociatedpressuresforadjustmentthatthisengenders.
HIITisviewedprimarilyasdrivenbyeconomiesofscaleandoccurswhenproductsaredifferentiated(withinsimilarqualities)andconsumersexpresspreferencesforproductvariety(Helpman,1981,1987).VIIThasbeendealtwithinvaryingwaysinthepublishedliterature.Ithasbeendefinedastheexchangeofsimilargoodsofdifferentquality(asdeterminedbyunitvalues),reflectingdifferingskillintensitiesand,hence,drivenbycomparativeadvantage(seee.g.Falvey,1981;Greenawayetal.,1994,1995,1999;FontagneandFreudenberg,1997;Aturupaneetal.,1999).Analternativeconsiderationinvolvesafocusontheorganizationoftheproductionprocessratherthantheend-usecharacteristic(s)ofafinalgood(ThomandMcDowell,1999).InlinewithBalassa’s(1986)notionofverticalproductspecialization,two-waytrademayinvolveexchangebetweencountriesofintermediategoodsatdifferentstagesofproductionorexchangeinvolvingcomponentsbeingexportedforprocessing,withthefinalgoodbeingimported.Inthiscase,relativefactorendowmentsarelikelytobeimportant,althoughatsubindustrylevelratherthanatindustrylevelasinthecaseofinter-industrytrade.
BecausedifferentforcesareseentobedrivingHIITandVIIT,thereareimplicationsforassessingtheadjustmentcostsforacountryassociatedwithanexpansionintrade(NielsenandLuthje,2002;Greenawayetal.,1994;BrulhartandElliott,2002).Factorsarelikelytobelessmobilewithinverticallydifferen-tiatedindustrieswhencomparedtohorizontallydifferentiatedones,becausethedifferencesinskillrequirementsareconsideredgreaterintheformer(BrulhartandElliott,2002).Hence,whereexpandedtradeismoreVIITinnature,laboradjustmentcostswillberelativelygreater.TotheextentthatVIITreflectsre-allocationofresourcesbetweendifferentstagesofproductionratherthanacrossdifferentindustries,factormarketadjustmentcostsarelikelytobelessthaninthecaseofinter-industrytrade(ThomandMcDowell,1999).FailuretoseparateoutthedifferentformsofIITisalso,notsurprisingly,likelytobeonereasonforthevaryingresultsthathavebeenevidentineconometricanalysesofthedeterminantsoftwo-waytrade(GreenawayandTorstensson,1997,2000).Empirically,however,separatingoutthesedifferentconsiderationsisnotalwaysclear-cutbecauseofboththeoverlappingnatureofdistinguishingcharacteristicsandtheabilitytoidentifyandmeasuresuitableexplanatoryvariables.SeveralrecentstudieshavefocusedonthisproblembyusingmeasuresofbothHIITandVIITasthedependentvariableineconometricstudies(Greenawayetal.,1995;Aturupaneetal.,1999;HuandMa,1999;Martin-MontanerandRios,2002;Gullstrand,2002).
AnotherdevelopmentinthepublishedliteraturehasbeenthegrowingawarenessthattraditionalstaticmeasuresofIITfailtoreflectthefactthatadjustmentisadynamicprocessandrequiresameasureofIITthatreflectsthechangesinstructureoftradepatternsoccurringoveraperiodratherthanjustmeasuringthestructureofflowsatdiscreteintervalsatdifferentpointsoftime.HamiltonandKniest(1991)introducedthenotionofamarginal,ordynamic,measureofIIT(MIIT)whichhassubsequentlybeenfurtherdeveloped(seee.g.Brulhart,1994;OliverasandTerra,1997;Brulhart,2000).
Theaimofthepresentpaperistoexaminethechangingnatureofintra-EastAsianIITtradingpatternsfollowingitssignificanttradeliberalizationandtradeexpansion,andtoidentifycountryspecificsthathelptodeterminetheintensityofIITovertheperiod1970–1996.Inparticular,wedistinguishIITaseitherhorizontallyorverticallydifferentiated,andthenexaminehowthevariouscountry-specificfactorsaffecttheintensityofEastAsia’shorizontallyandverti-callydifferentiatedIITinmanufacturing.InlookingatthedeterminantsofthemagnitudeofIIT,wewilldeterminetheextenttowhichincreasedeconomiccomplementaritiesintheregionmighthavehelpedtopromotetheoverallIIT.
FindingsfromthepresentstudywillhelptoidentifymeasuresthatEastAsiacanadoptinsupportoftheirefforttopromotetighterregionaleconomicintegrationthroughgreaterintra-regionaltrade.
2.LevelsofIntra-industryTradeinEastAsia
ThebasisforthevariousmeasuresofIITusedinthepresentstudyistheso-calledGrubel–Lloyd(G–L)index(GrubelandLloyd,1975).Itisconstructedasfollows:
whereXpandMpareexportsandimportsofcommoditypduringaparticulartimeperiod.Thisindicatorimpliesthedegreeofbalancedtradeoroverlapbetweenexportsandimports.Themeasurewillrangebetweenzeroandone,theformervaluerepresentingcompleteinter-industrytrade,thelattercompleteIIT.TheaboveindexmeasurestheproportionofIITforthecountryinquestiononamultilateralbasis.Abilateraltwo-waytrademeasureisusedinthecurrentstudy.ThisapproachisconsistentwiththeviewputbyBergstrand(1983)thatabilateralmeasureispreferredonconceptualgroundsineconometricanalysis.
Thereappearstobenojustificationforattemptingtoforcetradebalanceinbilateraltraderelationships(Vona,1991).Helpman(1987)suggeststhatthebiastotheIITindexissourceinfluencedandthatthereisnosimpleorsatisfactoryadjustmentpossible.TheapproachinthepresentistouseanunadjustedindexofIIT,whileincorporatingdirectlyintothemodelthetestingforanyeffectsresultingfromtradeimbalances.AstheG–Lindexmeasureschangesinthestructureoftradeflows,Brulhart(1994)proposesadynamicindexbasedontheconceptofmarginalIITtoaddresstheimportanceofIITintheadjustmentprocess(seealsoThomandMcDowell,1999).
3.ModellingtheDeterminantsofIntra-industryTrade
Inthefieldofinternationaltradeitisoftendifficulttotestandoperationalizerelationshipsbecauseofthelackofadistinct,generaltheoreticalmodelofexchange.Thisisparticularlyproblematicwhenassumptionsofimperfectlycompetitivemarketsanddifferentiatedproductsareusedbecausetherearemanytheoriesandmodelsrelatingtotradeissuesthatmustbeconsidered.Thechoiceofanyonespecificmodelislikelytobeunnecessarilyrestrictiveandlimited.Forexample,theHelpmanandKrugman(1985)modelofIITformulatesseveralpropositionsconcerningthelikelydeterminantsofIIT,butthemodelpre-supposestradeinhorizontallydifferentiated,finalconsumergoods.Dependentandindependentvariablesusedintestinghypothesesderivedspecificallyfromanyonemodelmust,therefore,berelevantandmeaningful.ManyoftheeconometricstudiesofIIThavefailedtoexplicitlyaddressthisproblem.GiventhatIITmeasuresarecapturingtheshareofIITacrosswidegroupsofmanufacturingindustriesandbetweenmanydifferentcountries,caremustbetakeninsettingupmodelsfortesting.AlthoughastrongconsensushasemergedfromthesubstantialbodyofempiricalworkthathasinvestigatedthecausalrelationshipbetweenarangeofcountryandindustryspecificfactorsandvariousmeasuresofIIT(seebelow),theconsiderationofHIITandVIITasthedependentvariableineconometricstudiesrequiresa
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 外文 翻译 东亚 产业 贸易 测度 决定 因素 研究 节选