词汇学 复习资料.docx
- 文档编号:11750593
- 上传时间:2023-03-31
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:22
- 大小:46.93KB
词汇学 复习资料.docx
《词汇学 复习资料.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《词汇学 复习资料.docx(22页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
词汇学复习资料
Unit1
名词解释:
Lexicology
Lexicology,whichcontainstwoGreekmorphemes:
lexikon(word)andlogie(learningorthestudyof),isthebranchoflinguistics,concernedwith‘thestudyofthemeaningandusesofwords’(LDCE).
Englishlexicology
Englishlexicologyisatheory—basedcourseinwhichthebasictheoriesofEnglishwordsaremainlydiscussed.Nevertheless,itisapracticalcourseaswell,forinthediscussion,wewillcertainlydealwithagreatnumberofwordsandidioms,andsiteagreatmanyexamples.Therewill,naturally,bealotofpracticeinvolved.
Phonetics
Phoneticsisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsforthedescription,classificationandtranscription.
Morphology词法/形态学
Morphologyisthebranchoflinguistics,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesbywhichwordsareformed.Inotherwords,itidentifiesthesmallestmeaningfulunitsinalanguagewhicharecalledmorphemesandlookintothewaysthemorphemesarearrangedtoformwords.
Grammar
Grammaristhestudyortheuseoftherulesbywhichwordschangetheirformsandarecombinedintosentences.
Semantics
Semanticsisthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningsoflanguageindifferentlinguisticlevels:
lexicon,syntax,utterance,discourse,etc.Lexicologyfocusesonthelexicallevel.
Etymology词源学
Etymologyisthescientificstudyoftheorigins,history,andchangingmeaningsofwords.
Stylistics语体学/文体学
Stylisticsis“thestudyofoptionalvariationsinthesounds,forms,orvocabularyofalanguageascharacteristicofdifferentusesoflanguage,differentsituationsofuse,ordifferentliterarytypes.”
synchronicapproach共时方法
IfwestudyEnglishwordsastheyexistsataparticularpointintime,itissynchronicstudy.Forinstance,onecouldcarryoutasynchronicdescriptionofthewordsofBeowulf,ofChaucer,ofShakespeareorofpresent—dayEnglish,disregardingwhateverchangesmighttakeplace.
diachronicapproach历时方法
IfwestudyEnglishwordsastheyexistindifferenthistoricalperiods,itiscalleddiachronicstudy.Thatistostudywordsfromthepointofviewoftheirhistoricaldevelopment.
关键词:
EnglishlexicologydealswithEnglishwords,theirorigin,meaning,historicaldevelopment,morphologicalstructures,semanticstructures,senserelations,idioms,formationandapplication.Inshort,itisthestudyofthesignificationandusageofEnglishwords.
Englishlexicologyitselfisabranchoflinguistics.However,itiscloselyrelatedtootherbranchesoflinguistics,suchasphonetics,morphology,grammar,semantics,etymology,stylistics,lexicography,etc,eachofwhichhasbeenestablishedasasubjectonitsown.
Phoneticsiscloselyconnectedwithlexicology.Withoutsoundthereisnowordbecauseeverywordisaunityofsoundandmeaning.
Morphologyisgenerallydividedintotwofields:
thestudyofinflections(alsocalledInflectionalMorphology)andthestudyofword-formation(oftenreferredtoasLexicalorDerivationalMorphology).
Thisisoneofthemajorconcernsoflexicology,whichdiscussestheinflectionsofwords,theinternalstructureofwordsandmethodsofword-formation.
Wordsandgrammarareorganicallyrelatedtooneanother.Inlearningalanguage,bothgrammarandwordsareequallyimportant.Iflanguagestructuresmakeuptheskeletonoflanguage,thenitisvocabularythatprovidesthevitalorgansandtheflesh.Grammaticalknowledgeallowsustogeneratesentences.Atthesametime,however,wemusthavesomethingtosay;wemusthavemeaningsthatwewishtoexpress,andweneedtohaveastoreofwordsthatwecanselectfromwhenwewishtoexpressthesemeaningsunderthecontrolofgrammaticalrules.
Thetypesofmeaningandsenserelations,suchassynonymy,antonymy,hyponymy,polysemy,homonymyandsemanticfieldsallbelongtothesemanticstudyandconstituteanimportantpartoflexicology.
ModernEnglishisderivedfromthelanguagesofearlyGermanictribeswithafairlysmallvocabulary.
LexicologydealswithhowthisvocabularyhasdevelopedintoahugeModernEnglishvocabularyandhowthechangeshavetakenplaceintheformsandmeaningsofwords.
Stylisticsisconcernedwithlanguagevarietydifferingaccordingtouseratherthanuser.Thesameusermayusedifferentvarietiesfordifferentpurposes,differentsituations,inconversationwithdifferentpeople,toproducedifferenteffects.
Thestylisticrangeisachievedbymeansofdifferentwordchoices.Therefore,thestudyofwordsissignificantforthestudyoflanguage.Lexicologystudiesstylisticvariantsonthebasisofmeaningsofwordsandtheirchanges:
synonyms,antonyms,figuresofspeech,etc.
Lexicography,likelexicology,dealswiththesameproblems:
theform,meaning,originandusageofwords,buttheyhaveapragmaticdifference.Thetaskforthelexicographersistorecordthelanguageasitisusedsoastopresentthegenuinepictureofwordstothereaders,providingauthoritativereference,whereasthelearnersofthelexicologyistoacquiretheknowledgeandinformationoflexiconsoastoenhancetheirlexicalawarenessandcapacityoflanguageuse.
ThoughEnglishlexicologycoversverywideacademicareas,wehaveaspecificandconsistenttaskofstudyingEnglishwordsindifferentaspectsandfromdifferentangles.
Languagestudyinvolvesthestudyofspeechsound,grammarandvocabulary(threeelementsofthelanguage).Allthewordsthatmakeupalanguageconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary.Vocabularyhasprovedveryimportantandratherdifficult.
Unit2
名词解释:
Denizens同化词
DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.
Aliens非同化词
Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling
Translation-loans译借词
Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsborrowedfromforeignlanguagesbymeansoftranslation.
Semanticloans借义词
Semanticloansarewordswhichhaveacquiredanewmeaningundertheinfluenceofotherlanguages.
synthetic
Asyntheticlanguageisone,whichshowstherelationofwordsinasentencelargelybymeansofinflections.
analytic
Ananalyticlanguageisone,whichindicatestherelationofwordsinasentencebymeansofwordorder,prepositionsorauxiliaryverbs,ratherthanbyinflections.
关键词:
TheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily:
IntheEasternSetIntheWesternSet
Nativewords:
Borrowedwords:
Denizens,Aliens,Translation-loans,Semanticloans
EarlySettlers:
1,Iberians(伊比利亚人)
2,Britons(750BC-55BC)
3,TheRomanConquest(about55BC--410AD)
4,EnglishConquest:
TherewerethreetribesfromNorthernEurope:
Angles,SaxonsandJutes.
5,TheSocialConditionsoftheAnglo-Saxons
6,Anglo-SaxonReligiousBeliefanditsInfluence:
heathenpeople
Anglo-SaxonEnglish,whichisnowcalledOldEnglish.
FeudalEngland:
TheDanishInvasion(about787AD)
787ADDanishVikings
kingAlfredthegreat(849-901)
chronicle
1013Danishcameagain30ys
TheDivisionsoftheHistoryoftheEnglishLanguage:
OldEnglishPeriod(AD450—1150)
MiddleEnglishPeriod(AD1150—1500)
ModernEnglishPeriod(1500—present)
EarlyModernEnglishPeriod(1500—1700)
LateModernEnglishPeriod(1700—present)
ThevocabularyofOldEnglishconsistsmainlyofAnglo-Saxonwords.
Twoclassesoflanguageintheworld:
syntheticandanalytic.
OldEnglishisasyntheticlanguage.
thefirstprintingpresswassetupbyWilliamCaxtonin1476
TheNormanConquestwasthecauseofthischange(MiddleEnglish).
FrenchinfluenceontheEnglishvocabularyismuchmoredirectandobservable.
IntheMiddleEnglishperiodgrammaticalgenderdisappearedandwascompletelyreplacedbythenaturalgender.
theLatinandGreekclassicswasstressed,sotheinfluenceofLatinandGreekonEnglishwasgreat.
TheGreekelementisanimportantelementintheEnglishvocabulary.
Somedevelopmentsinthestandardlanguagesincethe18thcentury.
Thestandardorthographywasfixedinthe18thcenturybytheagreedpracticeofprinters.
Inthe18thcenturyFrenchgreatlyinfluencedEnglish.
The19thand20thcenturiesareaperiodofrapidexpansionfortheEnglishvocabularyinthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.
SincetheSecondWorldWartheEnglishvocabularyhasbeenaffectedpowerfullybysocial,political,economic,especiallynotonlychanges,butalsochangesquicklyinthisperiod.
Unit3
名词解释:
word
AnEnglishwordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagewithoneormorelettersputtogetherthathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.
Morpheme词素/语素
Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitinalanguage,consistingofawordorpartofawordthatcannotbedividedwithoutlosingitsmeaning.
关键词:
Classificationofwords
Fullwordsandformwords(P11)
Popularwordsandlearnedwords
Abstractwordsandconcretewords
Transparentwordsandopaquewords
Polysemicwordsandmonosemicwords
Nativewordsandloanwords
Typesofmorphemes
freemorphemes(自由词素)boundmorphemes(黏着词素)Allomorph(词素变体)
Unit6
名词解释:
Meaning
Meaningcanbedefinedasareciprocalrelationbetweennameandsense.
Motivation
Motivationistheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.
Astherelationshipbetweentheword-formandmeaningisconventionalandarbitrary,theconnectionofthesignandmeaninginmostwordsdoesnothavealogicalexplanation.Onlyafewwordscouldberecognizedasbeingmotivatedtoacertainextent.
PhoneticMotivation(Onomatopoeicmotivation)(语音/拟声理据)
PhoneticMotivationorOnomatopo
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 词汇学 复习资料